Optimizing upside variability and antifragility in renewable energy system design.

Despite the considerable uncertainty in predicting critical parameters of renewable energy systems, the uncertainty during system design is often marginally addressed and consistently underestimated. Therefore, the resulting designs are fragile, with suboptimal performances when reality deviates significantly from the predicted scenarios. To address this limitation, we propose an antifragile design optimization framework that redefines the indicator to optimize variability and introduces an antifragility indicator. The variability is optimized by favoring upside potential and providing downside protection towards a minimum acceptable performance, while the skewness indicates (anti)fragility. An antifragile design primarily enhances positive outcomes when the uncertainty of the random environment exceeds initial estimations. Hence, it circumvents the issue of underestimating the uncertainty in the operating environment. We applied the methodology to the design of a wind turbine for a community, considering the Levelized Cost Of Electricity (LCOE) as the quantity of interest. The design with optimized variability proves beneficial in 81% of the possible scenarios when compared to the conventional robust design. The antifragile design flourishes (LCOE drops by up to 120%) when the real-world uncertainty is higher than initially estimated in this paper. In conclusion, the framework provides a valid metric for optimizing the variability and detects promising antifragile design alternatives.