Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea.
Shanxi Institute of Science and Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Jincheng 048011, China.
Nutrients. 2023 Apr 26;15(9):2091. doi: 10.3390/nu15092091.
The controversy over the link between noodle consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) persists. Using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we aimed to examine the potential causal relationship between noodle consumption and the risk of MetS and its components in adult populations of city hospital-based ( = 58,701) and Ansan/Ansung plus rural (AAR; = 13,598) cohorts. The instrumental variables were assigned with genetic variants associated with low- and high-noodle intake (cutoff: 130 g/day) by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with < 5 × 10 and linkage disequilibrium (r = 0.001), following adjustment for covariates related to MetS, in the city cohort. MR-Egger, inverse-variance weighted (IVW), and weighted median were applied to investigate the causal association of noodle intake with MetS risk in the AAR. The quality of the MR results was checked with leave-one-out sensitivity and heterogeneity analyses. A higher energy intake with lower carbohydrates and higher fats, proteins, and higher sodium and a lower intake of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin C, and flavonoids were shown in the high-noodle group, indicating poor diet quality. The glycemic index and glycemic load of daily meals were much higher in the high-noodle intake group than in the low-noodle intake group. In the observational studies, not only the total noodle intake but also the different types of noodle intake were also positively associated with MetS risk. In the MR analysis, high-noodle intake elevated MetS, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and abdominal obesity in an IVW model ( < 0.05) but not the MR-Egger model. No single genetic variant among the instrumental variables changed their relationship in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. No likelihood of horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity was exhibited in the association between noodle intake and MetS. In conclusion, noddle intake had a positive causal association with MetS and its components in Asian adults.
面条摄入量与代谢综合征（MetS）之间的关联一直存在争议。本研究采用两样本孟德尔随机化（MR）方法，旨在探讨成人城市医院队列（=58701）和安山/安城加农村队列（AAR；=13598）中面条摄入量与 MetS 及其组分风险之间的潜在因果关系。该城市队列中，通过全基因组关联研究（GWAS）分配与低和高面条摄入量（截止值：130g/天）相关的工具变量， < 5×10-8 且连锁不平衡（r=0.001），并在调整了与 MetS 相关的协变量后，对这些变量进行了调整。MR-Egger、逆方差加权（IVW）和加权中位数用于研究 AAR 中面条摄入量与 MetS 风险的因果关系。采用单因素敏感性和异质性分析检查 MR 结果的质量。高面条摄入量组的能量摄入较高，碳水化合物和脂肪较低，蛋白质、钠较高，钙、维生素 D、维生素 C 和类黄酮较低，提示饮食质量较差。高面条摄入量组的每日膳食血糖指数和血糖负荷均明显高于低面条摄入量组。在观察性研究中，不仅总面条摄入量，而且不同类型的面条摄入量也与 MetS 风险呈正相关。在 MR 分析中，在 IVW 模型中，高面条摄入量增加了 MetS、高血压、血脂异常、高血糖、高三酰甘油血症和腹型肥胖（ < 0.05），但在 MR-Egger 模型中则没有。在单因素敏感性分析中，工具变量中没有单一的遗传变异改变了它们之间的关系。在面条摄入量与 MetS 之间的关联中，没有表现出水平多效性和异质性的可能性。综上所述，亚洲成年人的面条摄入量与 MetS 及其组分呈正相关。
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