University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rayat-Bahra University, Mohali, Punjab, 140103, India.
Mol Biol Rep. 2023 Sep;50(9):7815-7823. doi: 10.1007/s11033-023-08666-0. Epub 2023 Jul 24.
The liver is one of the pivotal organs in the human body and is fundamentally responsible for detoxification and metabolism. Various disorders such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatitis are associated with improper functions of the liver. Hence, biomarkers are needed to determine the severity. Further, many liver enzymes, including the cascade of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and total bilirubin (TBIL), are conventional liver biomarkers. They are not, however, unique to the liver; hence, efforts are being made to identify the precise biomarkers for liver illness that can target liver diseases. HMGB1, cytokeratin 18 (K18), glutathione-S-transferase-α (GST-α), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and microRNAs (miRNA) are a few examples of developing biomarkers used to detect many liver diseases. Hence, the review has highlighted various novel biomarkers of the liver so that various pathophysiological pathways and treatments can be made easier.
肝脏是人体的关键器官之一，主要负责解毒和新陈代谢。各种疾病，如非酒精性脂肪肝疾病、纤维化、肝硬化、肝癌和肝炎，都与肝脏功能异常有关。因此，需要生物标志物来确定其严重程度。此外，许多肝酶，包括天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）/血清谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（SGOT）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）/血清谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶（SGPT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）和总胆红素（TBIL），都是常规的肝脏生物标志物。然而，它们并非肝脏所特有；因此，人们正在努力寻找针对肝脏疾病的精确肝脏疾病生物标志物。HMGB1、细胞角蛋白 18（K18）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶-α（GST-α）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GLDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和 microRNAs（miRNA）是一些用于检测多种肝脏疾病的新兴生物标志物的例子。因此，该综述强调了各种新的肝脏生物标志物，以便更容易了解各种病理生理途径和治疗方法。
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