影响伦敦30所小学教室空气质量、热舒适度和通风的潜在因素。
The underpinning factors affecting the classroom air quality, thermal comfort and ventilation in 30 classrooms of primary schools in London.
作者信息
Hama Sarkawt, Kumar Prashant, Tiwari Arvind, Wang Yan, Linden Paul F
机构信息
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom.
出版信息
Environ Res. 2023 Nov 1;236(Pt 2):116863. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116863. Epub 2023 Aug 9.
The health and academic performance of children are significantly impacted by air quality in classrooms. However, there is a lack of understanding of the relationship between classroom air pollutants and contextual factors such as physical characteristics of the classroom, ventilation and occupancy. We monitored concentrations of particulate matter (PM), CO and thermal comfort (relative humidity and temperature) across five schools in London. Results were compared between occupied and unoccupied hours to assess the impact of occupants and their activities, different floor coverings and the locations of the classrooms. In-classroom CO concentrations varied between 500 and 1500 ppm during occupancy; average CO (955 ± 365 ppm) during occupancy was ∼150% higher than non-occupancy. Average PM (23 ± 15 μgm), PM (10 ± 4 μgm) and PM (6 ± 3 μg m) during the occupancy were 230, 125 and 120% higher than non-occupancy. Average RH (29 ± 6%) was below the 40-60% comfort range in all classrooms. Average temperature (24 ± 2 °C) was >23 °C in 60% of classrooms. Reduction in PM concentration (50%) by dual ventilation (mechanical + natural) was higher than for PM (40%) and PM (33%) compared with natural ventilation (door + window). PM was higher in classrooms with wooden (33 ± 19 μg m) and vinyl (25 ± 20 μgm) floors compared with carpet (17 ± 12 μgm). Air change rate (ACH) and CO did not vary appreciably between the different floor levels and types. PM/PM was influenced by different occupancy periods; highest value (∼0.87) was during non-occupancy compared with occupancy (∼0.56). Classrooms located on the ground floor had PM/PM > 0.5, indicating an outdoor PM ingress compared with those located on the first and third floors (<0.5). The large-volume (>300 m) classroom showed ∼33% lower ACH compared with small-volume (100-200 m). These findings provide guidance for taking appropriate measures to improve classroom air quality.
教室空气质量对儿童的健康和学业表现有显著影响。然而，人们对教室空气污染物与诸如教室物理特征、通风和占用情况等背景因素之间的关系缺乏了解。我们监测了伦敦五所学校的颗粒物（PM）、一氧化碳（CO）浓度以及热舒适度（相对湿度和温度）。对有人占用和无人占用时段的结果进行了比较，以评估人员及其活动、不同地面覆盖物和教室位置的影响。有人占用期间，教室内的CO浓度在500至1500 ppm之间变化；有人占用期间的平均CO浓度（955±365 ppm）比无人占用时高出约150%。有人占用期间的平均PM（23±15 μg/m）、PM（10±4 μg/m）和PM（6±3 μg/m）分别比无人占用时高出230%、125%和120%。所有教室的平均相对湿度（29±6%）均低于40 - 60%的舒适范围。60%的教室平均温度（24±2°C）高于23°C。与自然通风（门窗通风）相比，双重通风（机械通风 + 自然通风）使PM浓度降低了50%，高于PM（40%）和PM（33%）。与铺有地毯（17±12 μg/m）的教室相比，铺有木质地板（33±19 μg/m）和乙烯基地板（25±20 μg/m）的教室中PM含量更高。不同楼层和类型之间的换气率（ACH）和CO没有明显差异。PM/PM受不同占用时段的影响；与有人占用时（约0.56）相比，无人占用时的值最高（约0.87）。位于一楼的教室PM/PM > 0.5，表明与位于二楼和三楼的教室（<0.5）相比，有室外PM进入。与小体积（100 - 200立方米）教室相比，大体积（>300立方米）教室的ACH低约33%。这些研究结果为采取适当措施改善教室空气质量提供了指导。
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