孕期接触有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂和增塑剂的时间趋势及预测因素。
Temporal trends and predictors of gestational exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers.
机构信息
Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
出版信息
Environ Int. 2023 Oct;180:108194. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108194. Epub 2023 Sep 7.
BACKGROUND
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are chemicals of concern for maternal and infant health. Prior studies examining temporal trends and predictors of OPE exposure are primarily limited by small sample sizes.
OBJECTIVES
Characterize temporal trends and predictors of OPE exposure biomarkers.
METHODS
We determined urinary concentrations of eight biomarkers of OPE exposure at three timepoints during pregnancy for participants in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (n = 900), a nested case-cohort recruited between 2007 and 2018. We examined biomarker concentrations, their variability during pregnancy, and temporal trends over the study period. In addition, we identified sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics associated with biomarker concentrations. Analyses were conducted using both the within-subject pregnancy geometric means and biomarker concentrations measured at individual study visits.
RESULTS
Five OPE biomarkers were detected in at least 60% of the study participants. Biomarkers were not strongly correlated with one another and intraclass correlation coefficients, measuring within-subject variability during pregnancy, ranged from 0.27 to 0.51. Biomarkers exhibited varying temporal trends across study years. For example, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) increased monotonically, whereas bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), displayed non-monotonic trends with concentrations that peaked between 2011 and 2014. We observed associations between sociodemographic characteristics and OPE biomarkers. In general, concentrations of most OPE biomarkers were higher among participants from racial and ethnic minority populations, participants who were younger, had higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and less than a college degree. We observed consistent results using either averaged or visit-specific biomarker concentrations.
SIGNIFICANCE
We observed widespread exposure to several OPEs and OPE biomarkers displayed varying temporal trends in pregnant people from 2007 to 2018. Concentrations of most OPE biomarkers varied according to sociodemographic factors, suggesting higher burdens of exposure among participants with higher pre-pregnancy BMI, those belonging to racial and ethnic minority populations, and lower educational attainment.
背景
有机磷酸酯（OPE）作为阻燃剂和增塑剂被广泛使用，是影响母婴健康的化学物质。先前研究 OPE 暴露的时间趋势和预测因素的研究主要受到样本量小的限制。
目的
描述 OPE 暴露生物标志物的时间趋势和预测因素。
方法
我们在 2007 年至 2018 年间，对 LIFECODES 胎儿生长研究（n=900）的嵌套病例对照研究中的参与者，在妊娠三个时间点测定了 8 种 OPE 暴露生物标志物的浓度。我们检查了生物标志物浓度、妊娠期间的变异性以及研究期间的时间趋势。此外，我们确定了与生物标志物浓度相关的社会人口学和妊娠特征。分析使用个体研究访问时测量的个体生物标志物浓度和个体内妊娠几何平均值进行。
结果
至少 60%的研究参与者检测到 5 种 OPE 生物标志物。生物标志物彼此之间相关性不强，个体内变异的组内相关系数范围为 0.27 至 0.51。生物标志物在研究年内表现出不同的时间趋势。例如，双（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（BCIPP）呈单调递增，而双（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（BDCIPP）和二苯基磷酸酯（DPHP）则呈非单调趋势，浓度在 2011 年至 2014 年间达到峰值。我们观察到社会人口统计学特征与 OPE 生物标志物之间存在关联。一般来说，来自种族和族裔少数群体、年龄较小、孕前体重指数（BMI）较高且未完成大学学业的参与者，OPE 生物标志物的浓度较高。使用平均或特定访问的生物标志物浓度均观察到一致的结果。
意义
我们观察到在 2007 年至 2018 年间，孕妇中几种 OPE 的广泛暴露，并且 OPE 生物标志物的浓度在妊娠期间呈现出不同的时间趋势。大多数 OPE 生物标志物的浓度根据社会人口统计学因素而变化，这表明在具有较高孕前 BMI 的参与者、属于种族和族裔少数群体的参与者以及教育程度较低的参与者中，暴露负担较高。
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