Keshavarz Mozhgan, Jahanshahi Mohammadjavad, Hasany Masoud, Kadumudi Firoz Babu, Mehrali Mehdi, Shahbazi Mohammad-Ali, Alizadeh Parvin, Orive Gorka, Dolatshahi-Pirouz Alireza
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran.
NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.
Mater Today Bio. 2023 Oct 4;23:100829. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100829. eCollection 2023 Dec.
Amazing achievements have been made in the field of tissue engineering during the past decades. However, we have not yet seen fully functional human heart, liver, brain, or kidney tissue emerge from the clinics. The promise of tissue engineering is thus still not fully unleashed. This is mainly related to the challenges associated with producing tissue constructs with similar complexity as native tissue. Bioprinting is an innovative technology that has been used to obliterate these obstacles. Nevertheless, natural organs are highly dynamic and can change shape over time; this is part of their functional repertoire inside the body. 3D-bioprinted tissue constructs should likewise adapt to their surrounding environment and not remain static. For this reason, the new trend in the field is 4D bioprinting - a new method that delivers printed constructs that can evolve their shape and function over time. A key lack of methodology for printing approaches is the scalability, easy-to-print, and intelligent inks. Alginate plays a vital role in driving innovative progress in 3D and 4D bioprinting due to its exceptional properties, scalability, and versatility. Alginate's ability to support 3D and 4D printing methods positions it as a key material for fueling advancements in bioprinting across various applications, from tissue engineering to regenerative medicine and beyond. Here, we review the current progress in designing scalable alginate (Alg) bioinks for 3D and 4D bioprinting in a "dry"/air state. Our focus is primarily on tissue engineering, however, these next-generation materials could be used in the emerging fields of soft robotics, bioelectronics, and cyborganics.
在过去几十年里，组织工程领域取得了惊人的成就。然而，我们尚未在临床上看到功能完全正常的人体心脏、肝脏、大脑或肾脏组织出现。因此，组织工程的前景仍未得到充分释放。这主要与制造与天然组织具有相似复杂性的组织构建体所面临的挑战有关。生物打印是一种创新技术，已被用于消除这些障碍。然而，天然器官具有高度的动态性，并且会随着时间的推移而改变形状；这是它们在体内功能的一部分。3D生物打印的组织构建体同样应适应其周围环境，而不是保持静止。出于这个原因，该领域的新趋势是4D生物打印——一种新方法，可提供能够随时间演变其形状和功能的打印构建体。打印方法的一个关键方法缺失是可扩展性、易于打印和智能墨水。由于其卓越的性能、可扩展性和多功能性，藻酸盐在推动3D和4D生物打印的创新进展中发挥着至关重要的作用。藻酸盐支持3D和4D打印方法的能力使其成为推动生物打印在从组织工程到再生医学及其他各种应用中取得进展的关键材料。在这里，我们回顾了在“干燥”/空气状态下为3D和4D生物打印设计可扩展藻酸盐（Alg）生物墨水的当前进展。我们主要关注组织工程，然而，这些下一代材料可用于软机器人、生物电子学和电子有机体等新兴领域。
