CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
Arch Toxicol. 2024 Jan;98(1):1-73. doi: 10.1007/s00204-023-03614-0. Epub 2023 Oct 19.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and one of the most produced synthetic compounds worldwide. BPA can be found in epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, which are frequently used in food storage and baby bottles. However, BPA can bind mainly to estrogen receptors, interfering with various neurologic functions, its use is a topic of significant concern. Nonetheless, the neurotoxicity of BPA has not been fully understood despite numerous investigations on its disruptive effects. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the most recent studies on the implications of BPA on the neurologic system. Our findings suggest that BPA exposure impairs various structural and molecular brain changes, promoting oxidative stress, changing expression levels of several crucial genes and proteins, destructive effects on neurotransmitters, excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, damaged blood-brain barrier function, neuronal damage, apoptosis effects, disruption of intracellular Ca homeostasis, increase in reactive oxygen species, promoted apoptosis and intracellular lactate dehydrogenase release, a decrease of axon length, microglial DNA damage, astrogliosis, and significantly reduced myelination. Moreover, BPA exposure increases the risk of developing neurologic diseases, including neurovascular (e.g. stroke) and neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's) diseases. Furthermore, epidemiological studies showed that the adverse effects of BPA on neurodevelopment in children contributed to the emergence of serious neurological diseases like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, emotional problems, anxiety, and cognitive disorders. In summary, BPA exposure compromises human health, promoting the development and progression of neurologic disorders. More research is required to fully understand how BPA-induced neurotoxicity affects human health.
双酚 A（BPA）是一种内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC），也是世界上产量最多的合成化合物之一。BPA 可存在于环氧树脂和聚碳酸酯塑料中，这些材料常用于食品储存和婴儿奶瓶。然而，BPA 主要与雌激素受体结合，干扰各种神经功能，其使用引起了极大的关注。尽管对其破坏作用进行了大量研究，但 BPA 的神经毒性仍未完全了解。因此，本综述旨在强调最近关于 BPA 对神经系统影响的研究。我们的研究结果表明，BPA 暴露会损害各种结构和分子脑变化，促进氧化应激，改变几种关键基因和蛋白质的表达水平，破坏神经递质，兴奋性毒性和神经炎症，破坏血脑屏障功能，神经元损伤，细胞凋亡作用，细胞内 Ca 平衡紊乱，活性氧增加，促进细胞凋亡和细胞内乳酸脱氢酶释放，轴突长度减少，小胶质细胞 DNA 损伤，星形胶质细胞增生，髓鞘显著减少。此外，BPA 暴露增加了患神经疾病的风险，包括神经血管疾病（如中风）和神经退行性疾病（如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病）。此外，流行病学研究表明，BPA 对儿童神经发育的不良影响导致了严重的神经系统疾病的出现，如注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）、抑郁症、情绪问题、焦虑症和认知障碍。总之，BPA 暴露会损害人类健康，促进神经紊乱的发展和进展。需要进一步研究以充分了解 BPA 诱导的神经毒性如何影响人类健康。
