School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China; School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China.
School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 Dec;101:106658. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106658. Epub 2023 Oct 28.
The simultaneous extraction of crocin and geniposide from gardenia fruits (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) was performed by integrating natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Among the eight kinds of NADES screened, choline chloride-1,2-propylene glycol was the most suitable extractant. The probe-type ultrasound-assisted NADES extraction system (pr-UAE-NADES) demonstrated higher extraction efficiency compared with plate-type ultrasound-assisted NADES extraction system (pl-UAE-NADES). Orthogonal experimental design and a modified multi-index synthetic weighted scoring method were adopted to optimize pr-UAE-NADES extraction process. The optimal extraction conditions that had a maximum synthetic weighted score of 29.46 were determined to be 25 °C for extraction temperature, 600 W for ultrasonic power, 20 min for extraction time, and 25% (w/w) for water content in NADES, leading to the maximum yields (7.39 ± 0.20 mg/g and 57.99 ± 0.91 mg/g, respectively) of crocin and geniposide. Thirty-three compounds including iridoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenes in the NADES extract were identified by LC-Q-TOF-MS coupled with a feature-based molecular networking workflow. The kinetics evaluation of the conjugated dienes generation on Cu-induced low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation via the four-parameter logistic regression model showed that crocin increased the lag time of LDL oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner (15 μg/mL, 30 μg/mL, 45 μg/mL) by 12.66%, 35.44%, and 73.42%, respectively. The quantitative determination for fluorescence properties alteration of the apolipoprotein B-100 exhibited that crocin effectively inhibited the fluorescence quenching of tryptophan residues and the modification of lysine residues caused by reactive aldehydes and malondialdehydes. The pr-UAE-NADES showed significant efficiency toward the simultaneous extraction of crocin and geniposide from gardenia fruits. And this study demonstrates the potential utility of gardenia fruits in developing anti-atherogenic functional food.
从栀子果实（Gardenia jasminoides Ellis）中同时提取藏红花苷和京尼平苷，采用天然深共晶溶剂（NADES）和超声辅助提取（UAE）相结合的方法。在筛选的 8 种 NADES 中，氯化胆碱-1,2-丙二醇是最适宜的提取剂。探针式超声辅助 NADES 提取系统（pr-UAE-NADES）的提取效率高于板式超声辅助 NADES 提取系统（pl-UAE-NADES）。采用正交实验设计和改进的多指标综合加权评分法优化了 pr-UAE-NADES 提取工艺。确定最佳提取条件为：提取温度 25℃，超声功率 600 W，提取时间 20 min，NADES 含水量 25%（w/w），综合加权得分最高为 29.46，藏红花苷和京尼平苷的最大产率分别为 7.39±0.20 mg/g 和 57.99±0.91 mg/g。通过 LC-Q-TOF-MS 结合基于特征的分子网络工作流程，鉴定出 NADES 提取物中包括环烯醚萜类、类胡萝卜素、酚酸、黄酮类和三萜类在内的 33 种化合物。通过四参数逻辑回归模型对 Cu 诱导 LDL 氧化过程中共轭二烯生成的动力学评价表明，藏红花苷能浓度依赖性地增加 LDL 氧化的滞后时间（15 μg/mL、30 μg/mL、45 μg/mL），分别为 12.66%、35.44%和 73.42%。对载脂蛋白 B-100 荧光性质变化的定量测定表明，藏红花苷能有效抑制反应性醛和丙二醛引起的色氨酸残基的荧光猝灭和赖氨酸残基的修饰。pr-UAE-NADES 对栀子果实中藏红花苷和京尼平苷的同时提取具有显著的效率。本研究表明栀子果实具有开发抗动脉粥样硬化功能性食品的潜力。
