Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
Institute for Dipterology, 67346, Speyer, Germany.
Infect Dis Poverty. 2023 Nov 30;12(1):109. doi: 10.1186/s40249-023-01167-z.
Mosquito research in Europe has a long history, primarily focused on malaria vectors. In recent years, invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) and the spread of arboviruses like dengue virus, chikungunya virus or bluetongue virus have led to an intensification of research and monitoring in Europe. The risk of further dissemination of exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens is expected to increase with ongoing globalization, human mobility, transport geography, and climate warming. Researchers have conducted various studies to understand the ecology, biology, and effective control strategies of mosquitoes and associated pathogens.
Three invasive mosquito species are established in Europe: Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), Japanese bush mosquito (Ae. japonicus), and Korean bush mosquito (Aedes koreicus). Ae. albopictus is the most invasive species and has been established in Europe since 1990. Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing number of outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses in particular chikungunya virus, dengue virus or Zika virus in Europe primary driven by Ae. albopictus. At the same time, climate change with rising temperatures results in increasing threat of invasive mosquito-borne viruses, in particular Usutu virus and West Nile virus transmitted by native Culex mosquito species. Effective mosquito control programs require a high level of community participation, going along with comprehensive information campaigns, to ensure source reduction and successful control. Control strategies for container breeding mosquitoes like Ae. albopictus or Culex species involve community participation, door-to-door control activities in private areas. Further measures can involve integration of sterile insect techniques, applying indigenous copepods, Wolbachia sp. bacteria, or genetically modified mosquitoes, which is very unlike to be practiced as standard method in the near future.
Climate change and globalization resulting in the increased establishment of invasive mosquitoes in particular of the Asian tiger mosquito Ae. albopictus in Europe within the last 30 years and increasing outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses warrants intensification of research and monitoring. Further, effective future mosquito control programs require increase in intense community and private participation, applying physical, chemical, biological, and genetical control activities.
欧洲的蚊虫研究历史悠久，主要集中在疟疾媒介上。近年来，亚洲虎蚊（Aedes albopictus）等入侵蚊种的出现以及登革热病毒、基孔肯雅热病毒或蓝舌病病毒等虫媒病毒的传播，导致欧洲加强了研究和监测。随着全球化的持续推进、人类流动性的增加、交通地理的变化以及气候变暖，外来物种和蚊媒病原体进一步传播的风险预计将会增加。研究人员已经开展了各种研究，以了解蚊子及其相关病原体的生态、生物学和有效控制策略。
有三种入侵蚊种在欧洲建立了种群：亚洲虎蚊（Aedes albopictus）、白纹伊蚊（Aedes japonicus）和朝鲜伊蚊（Aedes koreicus）。亚洲虎蚊是最具入侵性的物种，自 1990 年以来已在欧洲建立了种群。在过去的二十年中，欧洲由亚洲虎蚊引起的虫媒病毒感染爆发越来越多，特别是基孔肯雅热病毒、登革热病毒或寨卡病毒。与此同时，随着气温升高，气候变化导致入侵性虫媒病毒的威胁不断增加，特别是由本地库蚊传播的西尼罗河病毒和乌苏图病毒。有效的蚊虫控制计划需要高度的社区参与，同时开展全面的宣传活动，以确保源头减少和成功控制。针对容器滋生的蚊子（如亚洲虎蚊或库蚊）的控制策略包括社区参与，在私人区域进行逐户控制活动。进一步的措施可以包括整合不育昆虫技术、应用本地桡足类动物、沃尔巴克氏体（Wolbachia sp.）细菌或基因改造蚊子，但在不久的将来，这些措施不太可能成为标准方法。
气候变化和全球化导致在过去 30 年中，特别是亚洲虎蚊在欧洲的入侵蚊种的建立增加，以及由虫媒病毒引起的感染爆发增加，这都需要加强研究和监测。此外，有效的未来蚊虫控制计划需要增加社区和私人的参与度，应用物理、化学、生物和遗传控制活动。
