Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy Measurements of High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells.

Frequency domain characterization has long served as an important method for the examination of diverse kinetic processes that occur in solar cells. In this study, we investigated the dynamic response of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells utilizing ultra-low-intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. Distinctive intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) attributes were detected only as a result of this low-intensity modulation, and their evolution under light and voltage bias was investigated in detail. We generally observed only two arcs in the -plane plots and attributed the smaller, low-frequency arc to trap-dominated charge transport in the device. Light and voltage bias-dependent measurements confirm this attribution. An equivalent circuit model was used to better understand the features and trends of these measurements and to validate our physical interpretation of the results. Additionally, we tracked the IMPS response of one of the cells over time and showed that slow degradation impacts the size and attributes of the low-frequency arc. Finally, we found that changes in the IMPS response correlate closely with the current versus voltage characteristics of the devices.