Heat Shock Protein Genes Affect the Rapid Cold Hardening Ability of Two Invasive Tephritids.

and are two invasive species that can cause major economic damage to orchards and the fruit import and export industries. Their distribution is advancing northward due to climate change, which is threatening greater impacts on fruit production. This study tested the rapid cold-hardening ability of the two species and identified the temperature associated with the highest survival rate. Transcriptome data and survival data from the two species' larvae were obtained after rapid cold-hardening experiments. Based on the sequencing of transcripts, four Hsp genes were found to be affected: and , which play more important roles in the rapid cold hardening of , and and which play more important roles in the rapid cold hardening of . This study explored the adaptability of the two species to cold, demonstrated the expression and function of four in response to rapid cold hardening, and explained the occurrence and expansion of these two species of tephritids, offering information for further studies.