Role of Protein Ubiquitination and HIF Signaling in the Evolution of Hypoxic Breast Cancer.

Alternations in protein ubiquitination along with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling contribute to tumorigenesis and breast tumor advancement. Ubiquitination is an impulsive process, which is coordinately governed by E3 ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), that have come out as charismatic therapeutic targets. HIF expression, as well as the transcriptional process in malignancies, are frequently elevated, resulting in pitiable clinical outcomes. According to increasing research, multiple E3 ligases, in addition to UBDs work together to modulate HIF expression and activity, permitting breast cancer cells to make out a hypoxic milieu. On the other hand, hypoxia and HIF signaling regulate numerous E3 ligases as well as DUBs. Interpreting involved networks connecting E3 ligase, DUBS, and HIF will reveal profound mechanisms of physiological response to hypoxia and aid in the discovery of new molecular references for cancer management. The present state of knowledge about the entire kinship among E3 ligase, DUBs, and HIF signaling is reviewed here, emphasizing using E3 ligase or DUB inhibitors in breast cancer.