Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain.
J Biomed Sci. 2024 Mar 20;31(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12929-024-01017-6.
The mammalian ovary is a unique organ that displays a distinctive feature of cyclic changes throughout the entire reproductive period. The estrous/menstrual cycles are associated with drastic functional and morphological rearrangements of ovarian tissue, including follicular development and degeneration, and the formation and subsequent atrophy of the corpus luteum. The flawless execution of these reiterative processes is impossible without the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD).
PCD is crucial for efficient and careful clearance of excessive, depleted, or obsolete ovarian structures for ovarian cycling. Moreover, PCD facilitates selection of high-quality oocytes and formation of the ovarian reserve during embryonic and juvenile development. Disruption of PCD regulation can heavily impact the ovarian functions and is associated with various pathologies, from a moderate decrease in fertility to severe hormonal disturbance, complete loss of reproductive function, and tumorigenesis. This comprehensive review aims to provide updated information on the role of PCD in various processes occurring in normal and pathologic ovaries. Three major events of PCD in the ovary-progenitor germ cell depletion, follicular atresia, and corpus luteum degradation-are described, alongside the detailed information on molecular regulation of these processes, highlighting the contribution of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Ultimately, the current knowledge of PCD aberrations associated with pathologies, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, and tumors of ovarian origin, is outlined.
PCD is an essential element in ovarian development, functions and pathologies. A thorough understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating PCD events is required for future advances in the diagnosis and management of various disorders of the ovary and the female reproductive system in general.
哺乳动物的卵巢是一个独特的器官，在整个生殖期都表现出周期性变化的显著特征。发情/月经周期与卵巢组织的剧烈功能和形态重排有关，包括卵泡的发育和退化，以及黄体的形成和随后的萎缩。如果没有程序性细胞死亡（PCD）的参与，这些反复的过程是不可能完美执行的。
PCD 对于高效和仔细清除卵巢周期中过多、耗竭或过时的卵巢结构至关重要。此外，PCD 有助于在胚胎和幼年发育过程中选择高质量的卵母细胞和形成卵巢储备。PCD 调节的破坏会严重影响卵巢功能，并与各种病理学相关，从生育力的适度下降到严重的激素紊乱、生殖功能的完全丧失和肿瘤发生。本综述旨在提供关于 PCD 在正常和病理卵巢中发生的各种过程中的作用的最新信息。描述了卵巢中 PCD 的三个主要事件——祖细胞生殖细胞耗竭、卵泡闭锁和黄体退化，并详细介绍了这些过程的分子调节信息，强调了细胞凋亡、自噬、坏死性凋亡和铁死亡的贡献。最终，概述了与多囊卵巢综合征、卵巢早衰和卵巢来源的肿瘤等病理学相关的 PCD 异常的当前知识。
PCD 是卵巢发育、功能和病理学的重要组成部分。为了在卵巢和女性生殖系统的各种疾病的诊断和管理方面取得未来的进展，需要深入了解调节 PCD 事件的分子机制。
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