Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a pivotal enzyme in various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle. It plays a critical role in CO fixation. Building on previous studies on the gene family in Moso bamboo, our study revealed the biological function of . To identify CSN5 candidate genes, this study conducted a yeast two-hybrid library screening experiment. Subsequently, the interaction between CSN5 and PeFBA6 was verified using yeast two-hybrid and LCI experiments. This investigation uncovered evidence that FBA may undergo deubiquitination to maintain glycolytic stability. To further assess the function of , it was overexpressed in rice. Various parameters were determined, including the light response curve, CO response curve, and the levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch in the leaves of overexpressing rice. The results demonstrated that overexpressed rice exhibited a higher saturation light intensity, net photosynthetic rate, maximum carboxylation rate, respiration rate, and increased levels of glucose, fructose, and starch than wild-type rice. These findings indicated that not only enhanced the photoprotection ability of rice but also improved the photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Overall, this study enhanced our understanding of the function of and revealed the biological function of , thereby providing a foundation for the development of excellent carbon fixation bamboo varieties through breeding.