The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Garvan Institute for Medical research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Nat Commun. 2024 Apr 17;15(1):3315. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47720-8.
This study investigates the humoral and cellular immune responses and health-related quality of life measures in individuals with mild to moderate long COVID (LC) compared to age and gender matched recovered COVID-19 controls (MC) over 24 months. LC participants show elevated nucleocapsid IgG levels at 3 months, and higher neutralizing capacity up to 8 months post-infection. Increased spike-specific and nucleocapsid-specific CD4 T cells, PD-1, and TIM-3 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed at 3 and 8 months, but these differences do not persist at 24 months. Some LC participants had detectable IFN-γ and IFN-β, that was attributed to reinfection and antigen re-exposure. Single-cell RNA sequencing at the 24 month timepoint shows similar immune cell proportions and reconstitution of naïve T and B cell subsets in LC and MC. No significant differences in exhaustion scores or antigen-specific T cell clones are observed. These findings suggest resolution of immune activation in LC and return to comparable immune responses between LC and MC over time. Improvement in self-reported health-related quality of life at 24 months was also evident in the majority of LC (62%). PTX3, CRP levels and platelet count are associated with improvements in health-related quality of life.
本研究调查了轻度至中度长新冠（LC）个体与年龄和性别匹配的已康复 COVID-19 对照（MC）在 24 个月内的体液和细胞免疫反应以及与健康相关的生活质量测量。LC 参与者在 3 个月时显示出核衣壳 IgG 水平升高，并且在感染后 8 个月时具有更高的中和能力。在 3 个月和 8 个月时观察到 Spike 特异性和核衣壳特异性 CD4 T 细胞、PD-1 和 TIM-3 在 CD4 和 CD8 T 细胞上的表达增加，但这些差异在 24 个月时并不持续。一些 LC 参与者可检测到 IFN-γ 和 IFN-β，这归因于再感染和抗原再暴露。在 24 个月时的单细胞 RNA 测序显示 LC 和 MC 中免疫细胞比例相似，并且幼稚 T 和 B 细胞亚群得到重建。未观察到耗竭评分或抗原特异性 T 细胞克隆的显著差异。这些发现表明 LC 中的免疫激活得到解决，并且 LC 和 MC 之间的免疫反应随时间恢复到可比水平。在大多数 LC（62%）中，24 个月时自我报告的与健康相关的生活质量也得到了明显改善。PTX3、CRP 水平和血小板计数与健康相关的生活质量改善相关。
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