Infraspecific Variation in Seed Tubercles.

The seeds of many species in the order Caryophyllales exhibit surface protuberances called tubercles. While tubercle shape and distribution have often been proposed as taxonomic criteria, paradoxically, their description has primarily relied on adjectives, with quantitative data on tubercle width, height, and other measurements lacking in the literature. Recently, a quantitative analysis of seed surface tubercles based on tubercle width, height, and curvature values (maximum and average curvature, and maximum to average curvature ratio) was proposed and applied to individual populations of a total of 31 species, with 12 belonging to subg. and 19 to subg. . Tubercles were classified into two categories: echinate and rugose. Echinate tubercles exhibited higher values of height and curvature, and lower width, and were more prevalent in species of subg. , while the rugose type was more abundant in subg. . This work explored infraspecific differences in tubercle size and shape. For this, measurements of tubercle width, height and curvature were applied to 31 populations of eight species of . Significant differences between populations were observed for most of the species examined. A particular tubercle type, previously described as umbonate or mammillate, was identified in seeds, characterized by high curvature values.