Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management, Freising, Germany.
Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany.
Nat Commun. 2024 Jun 4;15(1):4741. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49116-0.
Canopy openings are increasing in Europe's forests, yet the contributions of anthropogenic and ecological agents of disturbance to this increase remain debated. Here we attribute the root cause of all stand-replacing canopy disturbances identified for Europe in the period 1986-2020 from Landsat data (417,000 km²), distinguishing between planned and unplanned canopy openings (i.e., disturbance by human land use versus by wind, bark beetles, and wildfire). We show that canopy openings by humans dominate the European forest disturbance regime, accounting for 82% of the area disturbed. Both planned and unplanned canopy openings increased in the early 21st century (+24% and +30% relative to the late 20th century). Their changes are linked, with simultaneous increases in planned and unplanned canopy openings on 68% of Europe's forest area. We conclude that an important direction for tackling disturbance change in policy and management is to break the link between planned and unplanned canopy openings in Europe's forests.
林冠层空隙在欧洲的森林中不断增加，但人为干扰和生态干扰因素对这一增加的贡献仍存在争议。在这里，我们将归因于从陆地卫星数据（417,000 平方公里）确定的 1986-2020 年期间欧洲所有林分更替林冠层干扰的根本原因，区分计划和非计划的林冠层空隙（即人类土地利用与风、树皮甲虫和野火造成的干扰）。我们表明，人类造成的林冠层空隙主导了欧洲的森林干扰机制，占受干扰面积的 82%。计划和非计划的林冠层空隙在 21 世纪初都有所增加（与 20 世纪末相比，分别增加了 24%和 30%）。它们的变化是相互关联的，在欧洲 68%的森林面积上，计划和非计划的林冠层空隙同时增加。我们得出的结论是，在政策和管理中应对干扰变化的一个重要方向是打破欧洲森林中计划和非计划林冠层空隙之间的联系。
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