Molecular Evolution of SNAREs in and Expression Analysis under Phytohormones and Abiotic Stress.

SNARE proteins (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) play a key role in mediating a variety of plant biological processes. Currently, the function of the SNARE gene family in phytohormonal and abiotic stress treatments in grapevine is currently unknown, making it worthwhile to characterize and analyze the function and expression of this family in grapevine. In the present study, 52 genes were identified and predominantly distributed on 18 chromosomes. Secondary structures showed that the genes family irregular random coils and α-helices. The promoter regions of the genes were enriched for light-, abiotic-stress-, and hormone-responsive elements. Intraspecific collinearity analysis identified 10 pairs collinear genes within the family and unveiled a greater number of collinear genes between grapevine and apple, as well as , but less associations with . Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses showed that the genes have response to treatments with ABA, NaCl, PEG, and 4 °C. Notably, , , , and showed up-regulation in response to ABA treatment. , , , , , , and exhibited significant up-regulation when exposed to NaCl treatment. The PEG treatment led to significant down-regulation of , , , , , and gene expression. The expression levels of , and were significantly enhanced after exposure to 4 °C treatment. Furthermore, subcellular localization assays certified that , , and were specifically localized at the cell membrane. Overall, this study showed the critical role of the genes family in the abiotic stress response of grapevines, thereby providing novel candidate genes such as , , and for further exploration in grapevine stress tolerance research.