Phillygenin inhibits neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury via TLR4 inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND

Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) trigger a cascade of detrimental processes, encompassing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (OS), ultimately leading to neuronal damage. Phillygenin (PHI), isolated from forsythia, is used in a number of biomedical applications, and is known to exhibit anti-neuroinflammation activity. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanistic ability of PHI in the activation of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and subsequent neuronal apoptosis following SCI.

METHODS

A rat model of SCI was used to investigate the impact of PHI on inflammation, axonal regeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and the restoration of motor function. , neuroinflammation models were induced by stimulating microglia with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); then, we investigated the influence of PHI on pro-inflammatory mediator release in LPS-treated microglia along with the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we established a co-culture system, featuring microglia and VSC 4.1 cells, to investigate the role of PHI in the activation of microglia-mediated neuronal apoptosis.

RESULTS

, PHI significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis while enhancing axonal regeneration and improving motor function recovery. PHI inhibited the release of inflammation-related factors from polarized BV2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The online Swiss Target Prediction database predicted that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was the target protein for PHI. In addition, Molecular Operating Environment software was used to perform molecular docking for PHI with the TLR4 protein; this resulted in a binding energy interaction of -6.7 kcal/mol. PHI inhibited microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activity of the NF-κb signaling pathway. PHI also increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in VSC 4.1 neuronal cells. In BV2 cells, PHI attenuated the overexpression of TLR4-induced microglial polarization and significantly suppressed the release of inflammatory cytokines.

CONCLUSION

PHI ameliorated SCI-induced neuroinflammation by modulating the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. PHI has the potential to be administered as a treatment for SCI and represents a novel candidate drug for addressing neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells.

THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE

We demonstrated that PHI is a potential drug candidate for the therapeutic management of SCI with promising developmental and translational applications.