Ultrasonic Assessment of Liver Fibrosis Using One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks Based on Frequency Spectra of Radiofrequency Signals with Deep Learning Segmentation of Liver Regions in B-Mode Images: A Feasibility Study.

The early detection of liver fibrosis is of significant importance. Deep learning analysis of ultrasound backscattered radiofrequency (RF) signals is emerging for tissue characterization as the RF signals carry abundant information related to tissue microstructures. However, the existing methods only used the time-domain information of the RF signals for liver fibrosis assessment, and the liver region of interest (ROI) is outlined manually. In this study, we proposed an approach for liver fibrosis assessment using deep learning models on ultrasound RF signals. The proposed method consisted of two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automatic liver ROI segmentation from reconstructed B-mode ultrasound images and one-dimensional (1D) CNNs for liver fibrosis stage classification based on the frequency spectra (amplitude, phase, and power) of the segmented ROI signals. The Fourier transform was used to obtain the three kinds of frequency spectra. Two classical 2D CNNs were employed for liver ROI segmentation: U-Net and Attention U-Net. ROI spectrum signals were normalized and augmented using a sliding window technique. Ultrasound RF signals collected (with a 3-MHz transducer) from 613 participants (Group A) were included for liver ROI segmentation and those from 237 participants (Group B) for liver fibrosis stage classification, with a liver biopsy as the reference standard (Fibrosis stage: F0 = 27, F1 = 49, F2 = 51, F3 = 49, F4 = 61). In the test set of Group A, U-Net and Attention U-Net yielded Dice similarity coefficients of 95.05% and 94.68%, respectively. In the test set of Group B, the 1D CNN performed the best when using ROI phase spectrum signals to evaluate liver fibrosis stages ≥F1 (area under the receive operating characteristic curve, AUC: 0.957; accuracy: 89.19%; sensitivity: 85.17%; specificity: 93.75%), ≥F2 (AUC: 0.808; accuracy: 83.34%; sensitivity: 87.50%; specificity: 78.57%), and ≥F4 (AUC: 0.876; accuracy: 85.71%; sensitivity: 77.78%; specificity: 94.12%), and when using the power spectrum signals to evaluate ≥F3 (AUC: 0.729; accuracy: 77.14%; sensitivity: 77.27%; specificity: 76.92%). The experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of both the 2D and 1D CNNs in liver parenchyma detection and liver fibrosis characterization. The proposed methods have provided a new strategy for liver fibrosis assessment based on ultrasound RF signals, especially for early fibrosis detection. The findings of this study shed light on deep learning analysis of ultrasound RF signals in the frequency domain with automatic ROI segmentation.