Microplastics: an often-overlooked issue in the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer.

The presence of microplastics within the human body has raised significant concerns about their potential health implications. Numerous studies have supported the hypothesis that the accumulation of microplastics can trigger inflammatory responses, disrupt the microbiome, and provoke immune reactions due to their physicochemical properties. Chronic inflammation, characterized by tissue damage, angiogenesis, and fibrosis, plays a crucial role in cancer development. It influences cancer progression by altering the tumor microenvironment and impairing immune surveillance, thus promoting tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review explores the fundamental properties and bioaccumulation of microplastics, as well as their potential role in the transition from chronic inflammation to carcinogenesis. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the associated alterations in signaling pathways, microbiota disturbances, and immune responses. Despite this, the current understanding of the toxicity and biological impacts of microplastics remains limited. To mitigate their harmful effects on human health, there is an urgent need to improve the detection and removal methods for microplastics, necessitating further research and elucidation.