Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, Taiwan.
Department of Physical Education, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
Nutrients. 2024 Oct 24;16(21):3611. doi: 10.3390/nu16213611.
Caffeine intake in the form of chewing gum is characterized by rapid absorption and utilization.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on exercise performance and physiological responses in a systematic review.
All articles were searched using the PubMed and Scopus databases to include articles published up to June 2024, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Evaluation and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol.
Thirty-two studies were finally included. Most studies have found that pre-exercise caffeinated chewing gum supplementation is effective in improving endurance, repetitive sprinting, lower limb strength, and sport-specific performance, as well as lowering rating of perceived exertion (RPE) or fatigue index even with lower dosages of caffeine. Sympathetic activation may be one of the mechanisms by which caffeinated chewing gum affects athletic performance. No significant effect on energy metabolism indicators (blood glucose, blood lactate, free fatty acids) was found. In addition, two studies found that caffeinated chewing gum reduced or maintained cortisol levels and increased testosterone levels. However, caffeinated chewing gum intake does not have an impact on catecholamines and β-endorphins. There have been inconsistent results for explosive performance, agility performance, and pain perception. Only a few studies have examined balance performance. In conclusion, a low dose of caffeine (100-300 mg or 2-4 mg/kg) in the form of chewing gum is rapidly absorbed and utilized, positively impacting most exercise and physiological performance.
Future studies should also consider the performance variables of agility, pain perception, and explosive performance to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on sympathetic activation and exercise performance.
以咀嚼形式摄入的咖啡因具有快速吸收和利用的特点。
本研究旨在通过系统评价调查咖啡因咀嚼胶对运动表现和生理反应的影响。
使用 PubMed 和 Scopus 数据库搜索所有文章，纳入截至 2024 年 6 月发表的文章，遵循系统评价和荟萃分析的 Preferred Reporting Items（PRISMA）协议。
最终纳入 32 项研究。大多数研究发现，运动前补充咖啡因咀嚼胶可有效提高耐力、重复冲刺、下肢力量和专项运动表现，降低运动时主观疲劳感（RPE）或疲劳指数，且咖啡因剂量较低时效果更佳。咖啡因咀嚼胶可能通过影响交感神经激活来影响运动表现。但它对能量代谢指标（血糖、血乳酸、游离脂肪酸）没有显著影响。此外，两项研究发现，咖啡因咀嚼胶可降低或维持皮质醇水平，提高睾酮水平。然而，咖啡因咀嚼胶对儿茶酚胺和β-内啡肽没有影响。对于爆发力、敏捷性和疼痛感知等运动表现的影响结果不一致。只有少数研究检查了平衡表现。总之，低剂量咖啡因（100-300mg 或 2-4mg/kg）以咀嚼胶形式摄入可迅速吸收和利用，对大多数运动和生理表现产生积极影响。
未来的研究还应考虑敏捷性、疼痛感知和爆发力等运动表现变量，以更全面地了解咖啡因咀嚼胶对交感神经激活和运动表现的影响。
