Viragova M, Falconer S, Chew A, Edwards A D, Dazzan P, Nosarti C
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, United Kingdom.
Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom.
J Affect Disord. 2025 Mar 1;372:512-522. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.035. Epub 2024 Dec 10.
Motherhood is often associated with joy, but it can pose significant challenges, and in some instances lead to perinatal mental health problems. Maternal depressive symptoms can hinder a mother's ability to attune to her infant's needs, potentially affecting caregiving quality and emotional support. This study examines how parenting style and a cognitively stimulating home environment (i.e., individual level) and relative social deprivation (i.e., area level) contribute to the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and offspring's neurocognitive and affective outcomes at 18 months. Participants were 479 mothers and children recruited as part of the Developing Human Connectome Project. Maternal postnatal depressive symptoms were assessed at term with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. At a median corrected age of 18.4 months (range 17.3-24.3) children's outcomes were evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, the parent-rated Child Behaviour Checklist 1½ - 5 and the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire. The Parenting Scale measured dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations; the Cognitively Stimulating Parenting Scale assessed experiences promoting cognitive stimulation in the home. Family socioeconomic status was evaluated using the Index of Multiple Deprivation. Toddler's outcomes were summarised into latent dimensions labelled 'neurocognitive' and 'affective'. Results from bootstrapped-based mediation analysis showed that a permissive parenting style and a less cognitively stimulating home environment modified the relationship between depressive symptoms and toddlers' neurocognitive outcomes. However, other factors, such as relative social deprivation and parental over-reactivity, did not alter this. Results also showed that an over-reactive parenting style modified the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and toddlers' reduced capacity for effective emotional regulation, while relative social deprivation, permissive parenting and a cognitively stimulating home environment did not. These findings highlight the importance of understanding how environmental factors interact with parenting styles, and influence child development. The study emphasizes the need for interventions that create stable and supportive environments, mitigating the impact of suboptimal parenting on children's developmental outcomes.
为人母通常与喜悦相伴，但也可能带来重大挑战，在某些情况下还会导致围产期心理健康问题。母亲的抑郁症状会妨碍其感知婴儿需求的能力，进而可能影响养育质量和情感支持。本研究探讨养育方式、认知刺激丰富的家庭环境（即个体层面）以及相对社会剥夺（即地区层面）如何影响母亲抑郁症状与18个月大后代的神经认知和情感结果之间的关系。参与者为479对母婴，他们是作为人类连接组发展项目的一部分招募的。产后母亲的抑郁症状在足月时用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表进行评估。在矫正年龄中位数为18.4个月（范围17.3 - 24.3个月）时，用贝利婴幼儿发展量表第三版、家长评定的儿童行为清单1½ - 5岁版和幼儿行为问卷对儿童的结果进行评估。养育方式量表测量了在管教情境中功能失调的养育方式；认知刺激养育方式量表评估了在家中促进认知刺激的经历。家庭社会经济地位使用多重剥夺指数进行评估。幼儿的结果被归纳为标记为“神经认知”和“情感”的潜在维度。基于自抽样的中介分析结果表明，放任的养育方式和认知刺激较少的家庭环境改变了抑郁症状与幼儿神经认知结果之间的关系。然而，其他因素，如相对社会剥夺和父母过度反应，并未改变这种关系。结果还表明，过度反应的养育方式改变了母亲抑郁症状与幼儿有效情绪调节能力下降之间的关系，而相对社会剥夺、放任的养育方式和认知刺激丰富的家庭环境则没有。这些发现凸显了理解环境因素如何与养育方式相互作用并影响儿童发展的重要性。该研究强调需要采取干预措施，营造稳定且支持性的环境，减轻养育方式欠佳对儿童发育结果的影响。
