Sanjulián Laura, Fernández-Rico Salvador, González-Rodríguez Nerea, Cepeda Alberto, Miranda José Manuel, Fente Cristina, Lamas Alexandre, Regal Patricia
Food Hygiene, Inspection and Control Laboratory (Lhica), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, School of Veterinary Science, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
Nutrients. 2025 Feb 11;17(4):646. doi: 10.3390/nu17040646.
Milk is a highly complex food that contains all the nutrients necessary for the development of mammalian offspring. For millennia, humans have included milk and milk products as major components of their diet. However, the effect of the consumption of dairy products on health has been a concern in recent years in terms of myths and realities. This review briefly describes the composition of bovine milk, the positive and negative effects that have been related to dairy products, and those aspects where the scientific evidence is still inconclusive. In addition to being nutritional, dairy products are a source of bioactive peptides, prebiotics and probiotics, fatty acids such as CLA, and fat globule membranes or have a protective effect against certain diseases. Negative effects include milk protein allergy or lactose intolerance. The effects of dairy products on certain cancers, such as prostate cancer, and their role in type II diabetes mellitus or weight gain are still inconclusive. Although the role of dairy products in cardiovascular risk is still inconclusive, recent meta-analyses have shown that dairy products may have a protective effect.
牛奶是一种高度复杂的食物，含有哺乳动物幼崽发育所需的所有营养物质。几千年来，人类一直将牛奶和奶制品作为饮食的主要组成部分。然而，近年来，食用奶制品对健康的影响在神话与现实方面一直是一个令人关注的问题。这篇综述简要描述了牛乳的成分、与奶制品相关的正面和负面影响，以及科学证据仍不确定的那些方面。除了具有营养性外，奶制品还是生物活性肽、益生元、益生菌、共轭亚油酸等脂肪酸以及脂肪球膜的来源，或者对某些疾病具有保护作用。负面影响包括牛奶蛋白过敏或乳糖不耐受。奶制品对某些癌症（如前列腺癌）的影响及其在II型糖尿病或体重增加中的作用仍不确定。尽管奶制品在心血管风险中的作用仍不确定，但最近的荟萃分析表明，奶制品可能具有保护作用。
