Reyes-García Victoria, Villasante Sebastian, Benessaiah Karina, Pandit Ram, Agrawal Arun, Claudet Joachim, Garibaldi Lucas A, Kabisa Mulako, Pereira Laura, Zinngrebe Yves
Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB), 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
Ambio. 2025 Jul;54(7):1128-1141. doi: 10.1007/s13280-025-02147-3. Epub 2025 Feb 28.
Economic sectors that drive nature decline are heavily subsidized and produce large environmental externalities. Calls are increasing to reform or eliminate subsidies and internalize the environmental costs of these sectors. We compile data on subsidies and externalities across six sectors driving biodiversity loss-agriculture, fossil fuels, forestry, infrastructure, fisheries and aquaculture, and mining. The most updated estimates suggest that subsidies to these sectors total between US$1.7 and US$3.2 trillion annually, while environmental externalities range between US$10.5 and US$22.6 trillion annually. Moreover, data gaps suggest that these figures underestimate the global magnitude of subsidies and externalities. We discuss the need and opportunities of building a baseline to account for the costs of subsidies and externalities of economic activities driving nature decline. A better understanding of the complexity, size, design, and effects of subsidies and externalities of such economic sectors could facilitate and expedite discussions to strengthen multilateral rules for their reform.
推动自然环境衰退的经济部门获得了大量补贴，且产生了巨大的环境外部性。改革或取消补贴并将这些部门的环境成本内部化的呼声日益高涨。我们汇总了六个导致生物多样性丧失的部门——农业、化石燃料、林业、基础设施、渔业和水产养殖以及采矿业——的补贴和外部性数据。最新估计表明，对这些部门的补贴每年总计在1.7万亿美元至3.2万亿美元之间，而环境外部性每年在10.5万亿美元至22.6万亿美元之间。此外，数据缺口表明这些数字低估了补贴和外部性的全球规模。我们讨论了建立一个基线以核算推动自然衰退的经济活动的补贴和外部性成本的必要性和机遇。更好地了解此类经济部门补贴和外部性的复杂性、规模、设计及影响，有助于推动并加快关于加强其改革多边规则的讨论。
