Mbaoma Oliver Chinonso, Thomas Stephanie Margarete, Beierkuhnlein Carl
Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
Parasit Vectors. 2025 Apr 9;18(1):137. doi: 10.1186/s13071-025-06761-8.
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are increasingly prevalent due to the resultant impact of global change with significant health and economic impacts worldwide. Dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV) transmitted by Aedes and Culex species have been identified as arboviruses of public health interest. The vertical transmission (VT) refers to the process where infected mosquitoes transmit viruses to their offspring; this has been often overlooked in MBD epidemiology. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the role of VT in the occurrence, prevalence, and spread of MBDs, focusing on study types, mosquito species, and virus genera. In total, 73 studies from 2005 to 2024 relating to VT in the mosquito population were reviewed. Findings revealed the occurrence of VT across multiple mosquito species in natural and experimental settings, with significant variation in VT rates depending on vector species, virus genus, and study location. Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans, Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus were identified as mosquito species that support VT, while pathogens identified to be transmitted vertically were DENV, ZIKV, WNV, CHIKV, YFV, Sindbis virus (SINV), Ross River virus (RRV), and Mayaro virus (MAYV). VT rates were reported as minimum, and infection rate (MIR) varied across species, study type and location. Also, a high VT rate may precede a mosquito-borne disease outbreak. These findings indicate that VT, though often overlooked, contributes to the dynamics of MBD transmission and could influence disease outbreaks and endemism, especially under changing climatic conditions, highlighting the need for incorporating VT in mathematical models, experimental studies, and control strategies to understand dynamics of MBDs, given its potential role in sustaining arbovirus transmission and influencing outbreak dynamics.
由于全球变化的综合影响，蚊媒疾病（MBDs）在全球范围内日益普遍，对健康和经济产生了重大影响。由伊蚊和库蚊传播的登革热病毒（DENV）、基孔肯雅病毒（CHIKV）、寨卡病毒（ZIKV）、黄热病毒（YFV）、日本脑炎病毒（JEV）和西尼罗河病毒（WNV）已被确定为具有公共卫生意义的虫媒病毒。垂直传播（VT）是指受感染的蚊子将病毒传播给其后代的过程；这在MBD流行病学中常常被忽视。我们进行了一项系统综述，以评估垂直传播在MBDs的发生、流行和传播中的作用，重点关注研究类型、蚊种和病毒属。总共回顾了2005年至2024年期间73项关于蚊子种群中垂直传播的研究。研究结果表明，在自然和实验环境中，多种蚊种都存在垂直传播现象，垂直传播率因媒介种类、病毒属和研究地点而异。埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊、骚扰伊蚊、致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊和五带淡色库蚊被确定为支持垂直传播的蚊种，而被确定可垂直传播的病原体有登革热病毒、寨卡病毒、西尼罗河病毒、基孔肯雅病毒、黄热病毒、辛德毕斯病毒（SINV）、罗斯河病毒（RRV）和马亚罗病毒（MAYV）。垂直传播率报告为最低，感染率（MIR）因物种、研究类型和地点而异。此外，高垂直传播率可能先于蚊媒疾病爆发。这些研究结果表明，垂直传播虽然常常被忽视，但它有助于MBD传播的动态变化，并可能影响疾病的爆发和流行，特别是在气候条件不断变化的情况下。鉴于其在维持虫媒病毒传播和影响爆发动态方面的潜在作用，强调了将垂直传播纳入数学模型、实验研究和控制策略以了解MBDs动态变化的必要性。
