Microplastics under siege: Biofilm-forming marine bacteria from the microplastisphere and their role in plastic degradation.

Microplastics, a complex category of pollutants containing microorganisms and toxins, pose a significant threat to ecosystems, affecting both biotic and abiotic elements. The plastisphere's bacterial community differs significantly from nearby habitats, suggesting they may significantly contribute to the degradation of plastic waste in the ocean. This study evaluated the diversity of culturable bacterial populations attached to the microplastics in the coastal zones of the A&N Islands and their potential for plastic degradation. Three A&N Islands beaches were surveyed for microplastics. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was the most abundant polymer found, followed by Acryl fibre, polyisoprene etc. A total of 24 bacterial isolates were chosen based on their morphological traits and underwent the initial screening processes. With the highest degrading activity (10.79 %), NIOT-MP-52 produced noteworthy results. NIOT-MP-25 (5.07 %), NIOT-MP-43 (3.78 %), NIOT-MP-61 (3.51 %), and NIOT-MP-82 (3.36 %) were the next most active strains. Strain NIOT-MP-52, selected for its superior degradation efficiency, underwent further screening and analysis using FT-IR, SEM, AFM, and DSC. Variations in infrared spectra indicated the breakdown of LDPE while SEM and AFM analyses showed bacterial attachment, roughness, grooves, holes, and pits on the LDPE surface. DSC provided thermal analysis based on the biodegradation potential of the bacterial strain targeting LDPE sheets. These findings highlight the ability of marine bacteria to efficiently degrade microplastics and utilize plastics as an energy source, emphasizing their importance in future plastic waste management.