Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Speech Comprehension in Noise: A Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND

Speech comprehension in noisy environments remains a significant challenge, even among individuals with clinically normal hearing and users of hearing aids and cochlear implants. Although conventional assistive hearing devices address limitations in the auditory periphery, they do not directly enhance the brain's capacity to segregate speech from background noise. Because tonic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has shown potential for rapidly improving central sensory processing, this study investigated whether tonic transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) can enhance speech-in-noise intelligibility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two cohorts of older human adults (aged 60-84 years) participated in a placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants completed speech-in-noise assessments using either QuickSIN or AzBio sentences while receiving tonic tcVNS to the neck, or placebo stimulation to the neck-shoulder junction. Speech-in-noise performance was assessed by measuring participants' accuracy in repeating sentences presented at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) within background babble.

RESULTS

Tonic tcVNS improved speech-in-noise intelligibility compared with placebo. At the group level, the SNR threshold for 50% speech intelligibility (SNR-50) improved by 0.76 dB in QuickSIN (p = 0.016) and by 0.38 dB in AzBio (p = 0.045). For individual participants, 50% showed improvements that met a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of 1 dB. Tonic tcVNS evoked progressively greater improvements as SNR increased in QuickSIN (p = 0.021) and AzBio (p = 0.00023), with the largest gains at SNRs >0 dB. In 55% of participants, tcVNS improved intelligibility beyond an MCID benchmark of 4.9% at 5 dB SNR. Although the magnitude of tcVNS-evoked improvements was inversely related to baseline speech-in-noise impairment (p = 0.028), with the individuals having the most impaired speech-in-noise intelligibility showing the largest gains, it did not correlate with hearing loss severity (p = 0.97) or age (p = 0.88).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that tonic tcVNS can evoke immediate and clinically meaningful enhancements in speech-in-noise comprehension. This suggests tcVNS may complement conventional assistive hearing technologies and inform novel therapies for sensory processing disorders.