Forest fires critically disrupt soil ecosystems by altering physicochemical properties and microbial structure-function dynamics. This study assessed short-term impacts of fire intensities (light/moderate/heavy) on microbial communities in forests one year post-fire. Using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog EcoPlate analyses, we found the following: (1) fire reduced soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and available nitrogen/potassium (AN/AK) via pyrolytic carbon release, while heavy-intensity fires enriched available phosphorus (AP), AN, and AK through ash deposition. (2) Thermal mortality and nutrient-pH-moisture stress persistently suppressed microbial biomass and metabolic activity. Moderate fires increased taxonomic richness but reduced functional diversity, confirming "functional redundancy." (3) Neither soil microbial biomass nor metabolic activity at the fire site reached pre-fire levels after one year of recovery. Our findings advance post-fire soil restoration frameworks and advocate multi-omics integration to decode fire-adapted functional gene networks, guiding climate-resilient forest management.