Ching Constance, Sethi Vani, Clark David Lawson, Yeong Joo Kean, Shats Katherine, Murira Zivai, Aminee Ahmadwali, Rowel Dhammica, Khan Golam Mohiuddin, Ahmed Khadheeja, Dorji Kinley, Iqbal Mazhar, Faisal Muhammad, Singh Phulgendra Prasad, Shuja Saba
Giovine-Clark Consultancy LLC, Coxsackie, NY, United States.
UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Front Public Health. 2025 Jun 18;13:1412946. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1412946. eCollection 2025.
To examine the bottlenecks and opportunities associated with Code monitoring and enforcement at the national level in the eight countries of South Asia region (Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka).
Data was collected following a workshop-as-research methodology. Deductive content analysis was used to review, categorize, and analyze data. A semi-structured categorization matrix containing three main categories (background, opportunities, and bottlenecks) was developed as a guide for categorizing data on areas relevant to monitoring and enforcement.
Overarching themes in bottlenecks include: (1) There is insufficient monitoring across countries, (2) Monitoring is not well-integrated into relevant enforcement mechanisms, as there is a lack of established system to efficiently 'feed' monitoring findings to the designated enforcement agencies, (3) Uncertainty regarding enforcement in the context of digital marketing, (4) Lack of coordination and collaboration regarding enforcement, (5) Inadequate sanctions and penalties, sometimes due to a lack of identified legal structure and adjudication system and functional administrative or enforcement mechanisms. Overarching themes in opportunities include: (1) Product registration or licensing as entry points for monitoring and enforcement, (2) authority provided in legal measures for designated agencies to carry out monitoring and enforcement actions, (3) civil society as government partners in monitoring including developing monitoring tools and strengthening systems to integrate monitoring with enforcement. Inadequately imposed.
研究南亚地区八个国家（阿富汗、不丹、孟加拉国、印度、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡）在国家层面与法典监测和执行相关的瓶颈和机遇。
采用以研讨会为研究方法收集数据。运用演绎性内容分析法对数据进行审查、分类和分析。开发了一个包含三个主要类别（背景、机遇和瓶颈）的半结构化分类矩阵，作为对与监测和执行相关领域的数据进行分类的指南。
瓶颈方面的总体主题包括：（1）各国监测不足；（2）监测未很好地融入相关执行机制，因为缺乏将监测结果有效“反馈”给指定执行机构的既定系统；（3）数字营销背景下执行存在不确定性；（4）执行方面缺乏协调与合作；（5）制裁和处罚不足，有时是由于缺乏明确的法律结构、裁决系统以及有效的行政或执行机制。机遇方面的总体主题包括：（1）产品注册或许可作为监测和执行的切入点；（2）法律措施赋予指定机构开展监测和执行行动的权力；（3）民间社会作为政府在监测方面的合作伙伴，包括开发监测工具以及加强将监测与执行相结合的系统。执行力度不足。
