Effectiveness of School-Based Nutrition Interventions in Italy: A Scoping Review.

School-based nutrition interventions play a crucial role in promoting healthy eating habits among children and adolescents, which are fundamental for preventing chronic diseases and fostering physical and mental development. This scoping review aims to examine the literature on the nature and extent of research conducted in school-based nutrition intervention programs in Italy and their effectiveness. Established and emerging programs and practices are reviewed to identify successful strategies in Italy. A scoping review of published studies using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines across 14 databases for school-based nutrition interventions implemented in Italy was conducted, and the results communicate literature published from 1990 to December 2024. The review included 42 studies, highlighting positive changes in dietary knowledge and behavior, with 33 studies reporting significant improvements. Interventions employing a sequence of education (knowledge), demonstration by teachers, and practice of good nutrition at home and/or school demonstrated sustained behavioral changes. Each study was conducted by a high number of authors, showing healthy collaboration. Studies were mainly applied using a Health Promotion Model, without reference to theories. However, gaps remain in addressing adolescent populations, employing social marketing techniques, and integrating environmental changes. While Italian schools have implemented diverse and culturally tailored interventions, challenges persist, including variability in program implementation, limited follow-up, and underutilized theoretical frameworks. Efforts to enhance collaboration among schools, families, and policymakers are essential for sustainable success. School-based nutrition interventions in Italy have demonstrated substantial potential in improving dietary behaviors among children and adolescents. Addressing identified gaps and promoting comprehensive, multicomponent approaches can further enhance the long-term success of these programs.