Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Varela H
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain.
Histol Histopathol. 1994 Oct;9(4):807-43.
Angiogenesis is the neovascularization or formation of new blood vessels from the established microcirculation. It is particularly important and indispensable in a large number of normal and pathological processes during pre- and post-natal life, including neoplasia, inflammation, wound repair and collaterization in response to ischemic stimuli. The current interest in the role of neovascularization in the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia, as well as in the tumour growth and metastasis, has brought about a large number of studies on angiogenesis. The complex processes of neovascularization, quiescent in the adult organism, may occur rapidly in several circumstances, with the implication of the following events: a) endothelial cell (EC) and pericyte activation; b) basal lamina degradation; c) migration and proliferation of EC and pericytes; d) formation of a new capillary vessel lumen; e) appearance of pericytes around the new capillaries; f) development of a new basal lamina; g) capillary loop formation; h) persistence or involution, and differentiation of the new vessels; and i) capillary network formation and, eventually, organization into larger microvessels. The use of numerous "in vivo" and "in vitro" systems has facilitated the assessment of angiogenesis control, in which angiogenic (fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet endothelial growth factor, E series prostaglandin, angiogenin, monobutyrin) and antiangiogenic (cartilage-derived angiogenic inhibitor, thrombospondin, protamine, platelet factor 4, interferon, angiostatic antibiotics, steroids) substances intervene. Heparin and heparin sulphate also play a key role in these mechanisms. A greater knowledge of angiogenesis control may lead to the development of a potential therapy in angiogenesis-related processes.
血管生成是指从已有的微循环中形成新血管或新生血管化的过程。在出生前和出生后的大量正常及病理过程中，包括肿瘤形成、炎症、伤口修复以及对缺血刺激的侧支循环形成，血管生成尤为重要且不可或缺。目前，对于新生血管化在从增生到肿瘤形成的转变过程中以及在肿瘤生长和转移中的作用的关注，引发了大量关于血管生成的研究。新生血管化这一在成年生物体中处于静止状态的复杂过程，在多种情况下可能会迅速发生，涉及以下一系列事件：a）内皮细胞（EC）和周细胞激活；b）基膜降解；c）EC和周细胞迁移与增殖；d）形成新的毛细血管腔；e）新毛细血管周围出现周细胞；f）形成新的基膜；g）毛细血管环形成；h）新血管的持续存在或退化以及分化；i）毛细血管网络形成，并最终组织成更大的微血管。使用众多“体内”和“体外”系统有助于评估血管生成的调控，其中血管生成（成纤维细胞生长因子、血管内皮生长因子、血小板内皮生长因子、E系列前列腺素、血管生成素、单丁酸甘油酯）和抗血管生成（软骨衍生血管生成抑制剂、血小板反应蛋白、鱼精蛋白、血小板因子4、干扰素、血管抑制抗生素、类固醇）物质会参与其中。肝素和硫酸肝素在这些机制中也起着关键作用。对血管生成调控的更深入了解可能会促成在与血管生成相关过程中的潜在治疗方法的开发。
