• Suppr超能文献
  • 文献检索
  • 文档翻译
  • 深度研究
  • 学术资讯
  • Suppr Zotero 插件Zotero 插件
定价套餐&价格
应用&插件
Suppr Zotero 插件Zotero 插件浏览器插件Mac 客户端Win 客户端微信小程序
定价
会员套餐积分包API 积分包
服务
文献检索文档翻译深度研究API 文档MCP 服务
关于我们
关于 Suppr公司介绍联系我们用户协议隐私条款
关注我们

Suppr 超能文献

核心技术专利:CN118964589B侵权必究
粤ICP备2023148730 号-1Suppr @ 2026
  1. 首页
  2. 分享广场
  3. 卡非佐米改良药物开发:进展与前景

卡非佐米改良药物开发:进展与前景

文献检索行在路上发表于 2026年06月30日 14:496阅读
检索问题

卡非佐米改良药物的开发进展

卡非佐米(Carfilzomib, CFZ)是一种第二代蛋白酶体抑制剂,已被批准用于治疗复发/难治性多发性骨髓瘤(RRMM)。虽然其在多发性骨髓瘤治疗中显示出显著疗效,但由于其水溶性低、生物稳定性差和体内血浆保留时间短(静脉注射后小于30分钟)等药代动力学缺陷,限制了其在其他疾病如实体瘤中的临床应用。为了克服这些局限性并提高其治疗指数,研究人员正在积极开发卡非佐米的改良药物,主要集中在纳米药物递送系统和新型给药途径上。

以下是卡非佐米改良药物的开发进展:

一、纳米药物递送系统

纳米药物递送系统是目前卡非佐米改良研究的主要方向,旨在提高药物的溶解度、生物稳定性、体内药代动力学和靶向性,同时减少脱靶毒性。

  1. 三元多肽纳米颗粒(tPNPs)

    • 概述: 三元多肽纳米颗粒是一种新型药物载体,通过将卡非佐米-环糊精包合物(CFZ-CD)包裹在纳米颗粒核心中,并用聚乙二醇-聚谷氨酸嵌段共聚物(PEG-PLE)进行聚离子络合形成,旨在保护药物免受生物介质降解。
    • 早期挑战: 最初的tPNPs虽然改善了卡非佐米的生物稳定性,但在生理条件下仍存在初始突释和药物保留不佳的问题。
    • 稳定化改进:
      • 聚阳离子稳定化: 研究表明,通过具有不同pKa值的聚阳离子稳定化CFZ-tPNPs,可以在不损害生理条件(pH 7.4)下纳米颗粒稳定性的前提下,实现pH依赖性药物释放,在酸性环境(pH < 6)中加速卡非佐米释放。这种方法通过聚离子络合稳定了包裹CFZ-环糊精包合物的tPNPs核心,并保持了冷冻干燥前后均匀的粒径。体外细胞毒性和蛋白酶体活性实验证实,用阳离子聚合物稳定的tPNPs改善了卡非佐米对耐药癌细胞的生物活性,结合pH依赖性药物释放,对治疗实体瘤中的耐药性和肿瘤微环境酸中毒具有潜在益处。
      • 有机酸稳定化: 另一项研究探索了柠檬酸(CA)和乳酸(LA)等有机酸作为tPNPs稳定剂的作用。通过优化tPNPs核心的电荷密度,有机酸成功地维持了适合静脉注射和药物递送的小粒径(直径< 60 nm),提高了卡非佐米溶解度(> 1 mg/mL),并允许冷冻干燥和在各种缓冲液中轻松重构。此外,有机酸显著增强了药物保留(24小时孵育后> 60%)并抑制了溶解后前6小时的突释。这些结果表明,有机酸稳定的tPNPs作为卡非佐米注射剂型具有应用潜力,可能扩大这种蛋白酶体抑制剂的用途。
  2. 中性粒细胞膜包覆纳米颗粒(NM-NP)

    • 灵感来源: 转移是癌症患者死亡的主要原因,循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)的播散、定植和集落形成是远处转移的根源。炎症性中性粒细胞具有通过其细胞固有的细胞黏附分子靶向CTCs和微环境的特性。
    • 开发原理: 研究人员受此启发,开发了一种纳米级的中性粒细胞模拟药物递送系统(NM-NP),通过在中性粒细胞膜表面包覆聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米颗粒(NPs)制备。这种方法将中性粒细胞膜上的膜相关蛋白混合物非破坏性地转移到NM-NP表面,并高度保留了中性粒细胞的生物结合活性。
    • 治疗效果: 与未包覆的NP相比,NM-NP在体外剪切流下对4T1细胞模型表现出增强的细胞关联性,在体内具有更高的CTCs捕获效率,并改善了对转移前微环境的归巢。加载卡非佐米后,基于NM-NP的纳米制剂(NM-NP-CFZ)选择性地清除血液中的CTCs,阻止了早期转移的形成,并可能抑制已形成转移的进展。这种纳米颗粒设计能够中和循环中的CTCs并抑制转移微环境的形成。
  3. 单宁酸基纳米胶囊(TA-based Nanocapsules)

    • 免疫治疗潜力: 某些化疗药物,包括卡非佐米,因其诱导免疫原性细胞死亡(ICD)的潜力,在癌症免疫治疗中受到越来越多的关注。然而,ICD诱导剂在癌症免疫治疗中的一个关键挑战是其抗增殖作用伴随的免疫毒性。
    • 开发策略: 为了减轻免疫毒性,研究人员开发了一种卡非佐米(CFZ)纳米胶囊制剂,采用单宁酸(TA)和铁的界面超分子组装,并辅以白蛋白包覆(CFZ-pTA-alb)。
    • 治疗优势: 白蛋白包覆的CFZ纳米胶囊(CFZ-pTA-alb)减缓了卡非佐米的释放,降低了对免疫细胞的毒性。此外,由于TA组装的粘附特性,CFZ-pTA-alb作为从垂死肿瘤细胞释放的损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs)的储存库,可以激活树突状细胞。在瘤内给药后,CFZ-pTA-alb延长了卡非佐米在肿瘤中的保留时间,并在B16F10和CT26肿瘤模型中显示出比环糊精增溶的卡非佐米(CFZ-CD)更强的抗肿瘤作用。与CFZ-CD不同,局部注射的CFZ-pTA-alb在免疫功能正常的小鼠中保护或增强了肿瘤中的CD8 T细胞群体,有助于产生具有肿瘤特异性干扰素-γ反应的脾细胞,并延迟了对侧肿瘤的发展(但在无胸腺裸鼠中没有),支持CFZ-pTA-alb有助于激活抗肿瘤免疫。这项研究表明,通过单宁酸基纳米胶囊持续递送ICD诱导剂是实现局部ICD诱导向全身抗肿瘤免疫转化的有效方法。
  4. 人血清白蛋白纳米颗粒(HSA NPs)

    • 联合治疗策略: 为了提高胰腺腺癌(PACs)的治疗效果,研究人员考察了卡非佐米(CFZ)和紫杉醇(PTX)联合治疗的效果,这两种药物共同负载于人血清白蛋白(HSA)纳米颗粒中。
    • 制备与特性: 通过一种简单的反向自组装方法,CFZ和PTX被单独或联合封装到HSA NPs中,以实现协同治疗的最佳组合比例。所得的载药HSA NPs呈球形,粒径小于150 nm,Zeta电位为-21.1~-23.0 mV。载药率和包封效率分别为9.1%~10.1%和90.7%~97.1%。
    • 协同效应: CFZ和PTX在MIA PaCa-2细胞毒性实验中以1:2的比例表现出协同效应(CI为0.010.25)。体外溶出实验显示,共同负载的HSA NPs(CFZ/PTX/HSA NPs)中释放的CFZ/PTX比例约为1.772.08,与设定的负载比例一致。
    • 体内疗效: 体内评估显示,CFZ和PTX以1:2比例共同负载于HSA NPs(CFZ/PTX/HSA NPs)的联合治疗方案,在抑制MIA PaCa-2细胞生长方面表现出最佳的协同改善作用,且全身毒性较小,尽管药代动力学曲线未显示明显益处,且其在肿瘤中的生物分布较小。
  5. 氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnO NP)载体

    • 分子动力学模拟: 通过反应性分子动力学模拟,研究人员研究了药物递送纳米载体的组装,包括纳米颗粒(ZnO)、功能链(油酸)、药物(卡非佐米)和溶剂分子(乙醇)的组合,以及组装好的纳米工具在生理环境(水)中释放其负载的能力。
    • 作用机制: 模拟结果显示,反应性对于表征功能化ZnONP的稳定性、动力学及其与脂质链和药物分子的相互作用至关重要。脂质链通过羧基与锌原子的单齿或双齿结合稳定地化学吸附在ZnONP上。加入的药物从溶液迁移到纳米组装体中,并被脂质捕获,被包裹在油酸链之间,并吸附在纳米颗粒未包覆区域的表面,部分物理吸附或化学吸附。
    • 药物释放: 模拟分析证实,超分子组装体在乙醇中是紧凑和稳定的。然而,一旦注射到水中,聚集体的大小逐渐增加,脂质开始随水介质膨胀。系统向解包结构演变,其中链被拉长、分离,并根据局部水活性和货物插入深度倾向于释放货物。

二、新型给药途径

除了纳米颗粒递送系统,研究人员还在探索通过新型给药途径来改善卡非佐米的应用,例如透皮递送。

  1. 聚乳酸-乙醇酸(PLGA)微针
    • 透皮递送优势: 透皮给药(TDD)是一种有吸引力的给药途径,相比口服和注射途径具有多项优势,但受皮肤最外层角质层屏障的显著限制。微针是一种物理增强技术,能有效穿透角质层,促进亲脂性和亲水性分子的递送。
    • 溶解性微针: 溶解性微针是一种常用类型,采用各种可生物降解和生物相容性聚合物(如聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸或PLGA)制造。这些聚合物还能通过聚合物基质的缓慢降解,促进药物的长时间释放。
    • 卡非佐米微针: 研究人员选择卡非佐米作为模型药物,构建了基于微针的缓释递送系统,利用四种PLGA(50-2A、50-5A、75-5A和50-7P)制造PLGA微针,以评估卡非佐米长效透皮递送的可行性。
    • 制备与评估: 采用微成型技术制造PLGA微针,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、使用皮肤模拟Parafilm模型评估插入能力、组织学评估、扫描电子显微镜和共聚焦显微镜等进行表征测试。体外释放和渗透测试在垂直Franz扩散池中进行。利用N-甲基吡咯烷酮作为有机溶剂,并在受控条件下固化微针,从而获得良好的机械强度。
    • 缓释效果: 体外释放和渗透测试均显示卡非佐米在7天内呈现持续释放曲线。释放和渗透受PLGA分子量和卡非佐米亲脂性的显著影响。

三、增强卡非佐米与其他疗法的联合应用

卡非佐米的改良也体现在其与其他新型疗法的联合使用策略上,以提高整体治疗效果。

  1. 与CAR T细胞疗法联合
    • 背景: 嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞在B细胞恶性肿瘤中显示出高反应率,但大多数患者最终会复发。治疗失败的一个关键机制是肿瘤抗原表达的丢失或下调。
    • 作用机制: 研究发现,B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA),多发性骨髓瘤中CAR T细胞治疗的关键靶点,是一种高度短寿命的蛋白,在细胞膜上经历K48连接的多泛素化,导致其通过p97依赖的泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)降解。这种以前未见过的细胞膜蛋白调控机制可以通过蛋白酶体抑制剂(PIs)显著增强BCMA的表达。
    • 临床前与临床证据: 临床批准的蛋白酶体抑制剂卡非佐米(CFZ)在体外和体内显著增强了BCMA靶向CAR T细胞对PI敏感和PI耐药多发性骨髓瘤细胞的疗效。值得注意的是,在BCMA CAR T细胞治疗复发后,根据CarCAR方案接受CFZ治疗的10名患者,所有患者的BCMA表达均增加。然而,只有在残留和/或扩增的CAR T细胞存在的患者中观察到临床反应,这表明CAR T细胞功能得到恢复。
    • 未来展望: 这些发现为BCMA CAR T细胞治疗后复发或难治性多发性骨髓瘤患者使用CFZ治疗提供了理论依据,并支持未来将CFZ与BCMA CAR T细胞结合进行试验,并为探索其他免疫治疗抗原的UPS依赖性降解提供了框架。

四、卡非佐米在特定患者群体中的应用优化

  • 复发/难治性多发性骨髓瘤(RRMM): CANDOR研究的最终分析证实,卡非佐米、地塞米松和达雷妥尤单抗(KdD)方案相较于卡非佐米和地塞米松(Kd)方案,在RRMM患者中显示出无进展生存期(PFS)益处,并显示出总生存期(OS)改善的趋势。KdD方案在微小残留病阴性(MRD-)缓解率和MRD-完全缓解率方面均高于Kd方案。对于预先定义的亚组,包括来那度胺难治性患者和蛋白酶体抑制剂难治性患者,以及高危细胞遗传学患者,KdD方案均显示出OS改善的趋势,在高危细胞遗传学患者中,OS显著改善。这些发现进一步巩固了KdD作为RRMM标准治疗的地位,特别是在临床相关患者亚组中。

  • 初诊多发性骨髓瘤(NDMM)的MRD指导治疗: MASTER II期单臂试验最终报告显示,达雷妥尤单抗、卡非佐米、来那度胺和地塞米松(Dara-KRd)治疗方案在初诊多发性骨髓瘤患者中,通过MRD状态指导治疗持续时间和停止,取得了积极的疗效。达到两次连续MRD阴性的患者可以停止治疗并进行MRD监测,而未达到该标准的患者则接受来那度胺维持治疗。该方法为大多数初诊多发性骨髓瘤患者提供了积极的治疗结果和停药途径。

  • 高危多发性骨髓瘤: 针对高危细胞遗传学患者,KdD方案显示出显著的OS改善(34.3个月 vs 17.1个月;HR, 0.52)。然而,对于患有两种或多种高危染色体异常的超高危多发性骨髓瘤患者,MASTER试验的结果仍不尽如人意,这类患者应优先考虑早期引入具有新作用机制的疗法的试验。

  • 急性复发/难治性多发性骨髓瘤、浆细胞白血病和髓外骨髓瘤: 对于需要快速疾病控制的晚期/侵袭性多发性骨髓瘤患者,卡非佐米、地塞米松、沙利度胺、顺铂、阿霉素、环磷酰胺和依托泊苷(KD-PACE)抢救性治疗方案被用于取代硼替佐米。一项回顾性研究显示,KD-PACE作为桥接治疗,成功地将患者过渡到自体造血干细胞移植、同种异体造血干细胞移植或临床试验,并显著改善了无进展生存期和总生存期,且未出现意外毒性。

五、卡非佐米的其他潜在应用探索

除了癌症治疗,卡非佐米还在其他领域显示出潜在的应用前景:

  • 抗菌活性: 分子对接和分子动力学研究表明,卡非佐米是金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)的NADH依赖性烯酰-酰基载体蛋白还原酶(ENRs)的潜在抑制剂,这可能解释了其对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌特性。这提示卡非佐米可能作为开发选择性作用于细菌ENRs的抗生素的先导化合物,且不干扰人蛋白酶体活性。

总结

卡非佐米的改良药物开发取得了显著进展,主要集中在以下几个方面:

  • 提高药物递送效率和稳定性: 通过三元多肽纳米颗粒、中性粒细胞膜包覆纳米颗粒、单宁酸基纳米胶囊、人血清白蛋白纳米颗粒和氧化锌纳米颗粒等多样化的纳米载体,有效解决了卡非佐米水溶性差、生物稳定性低和血浆半衰期短的问题,实现了药物的持续释放和靶向递送,并降低了毒性。
  • 拓展给药途径: PLGA微针的开发为卡非佐米的透皮缓释提供了可行性,有望改善患者依从性和便利性。
  • 优化联合治疗策略: 卡非佐米与达雷妥尤单抗、地塞米松的组合(KdD)已成为RRMM的标准治疗方案,尤其对高危亚组患者有效。在初诊多发性骨髓瘤中,MRD指导的Dara-KRd方案也显示出良好的疗效。此外,将卡非佐米与CAR T细胞疗法结合使用,通过增强BCMA表达来提高CAR T细胞疗效,为复发/难治性MM患者提供了新的治疗途径。
  • 探索新适应症: 除了多发性骨髓瘤和实体瘤(如胰腺腺癌),卡非佐米还被探索作为潜在的抗菌药物,显示出抑制某些细菌ENRs的活性。

尽管取得了这些进展,特别是纳米药物递送系统和联合疗法方面,卡非佐米在临床应用中仍需进一步研究以优化其在不同疾病类型和患者群体中的应用策略,特别是对于超高危多发性骨髓瘤患者,仍需探索新的治疗机制。质谱法(MS)在评估移植后维持治疗期间的M蛋白和MRD状态方面显示出潜力,可以为骨髓MRD检测提供额外的预后信息,这将有助于进一步优化卡非佐米在多发性骨髓瘤治疗中的监测和指导。

References

1Final analysis of carfilzomib, dexamethasone, and daratumumab vs carfilzomib and dexamethasone in the CANDOR study.PubMed

Saad Z Usmani, Hang Quach, Maria-Victoria Mateos, et al.
CANDOR (NCT03158688) is a phase 3, randomized, open-label trial comparing carfilzomib, daratumumab, and dexamethasone (KdD) vs carfilzomib and dexamethasone (Kd) in adults with relapsed/refectory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with 1 to 3 prior therapies. The CANDOR study met its primary end point of progression-free survival (PFS) in the primary analysis. Here, we report the final analysis of the study, including secondary end points and subgroup analyses thereof. The median follow-up was 50 months. Patients treated with KdD had higher minimal residual disease-negative (MRD-) achievement rates (28% vs 9%; odds ratio [OR], 4.22; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.28-7.83) and MRD- complete response rates (22% vs 8%; OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.83-6.88) than those treated with Kd. Median PFS was 28.4 months for KdD vs 15.2 months for Kd (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.49-0.83). Median overall survival (OS) for KdD was 50.8 months vs 43.6 months for Kd (HR, 0.78 [0.60-1.03]; P = .042). Trends toward improved OS occurred in predefined subgroups, including patients refractory to lenalidomide (KdD, not reached vs Kd, 38.2 months; HR, 0.69 [0.43-1.11]) and refractory to proteasome inhibitor (KdD, 43.2 months vs Kd, 30.0 months; HR, 0.70 [0.45-1.09]), and there was significant improvement in patients with high-risk cytogenetics (KdD, 34.3 months vs Kd: 17.1 months; HR, 0.52 [0.29-0.94]). No new safety signals were identified. In summary, the final analysis of CANDOR confirmed the PFS benefit and showed a trend in OS benefit with KdD vs Kd. These findings reinforce KdD as a standard of care for RRMM, especially in clinically relevant patient subgroups. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03158688.

2Contemporary drug therapies for multiple myeloma.PubMed

P de la Puente, A K Azab
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease characterized by the proliferation of plasma cells. The survival in MM patients has improved significantly in the past decade due to the introduction of novel agents. In this review, we focus on novel agents used in MM, including immunomodulatory drugs (thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide), proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib, carfilzomib, marizomib and ixazomib citrate), monoclonal antibodies (elotuzumab, siltuximab, daratumumab and BT-062), and drugs affecting an interaction with the tumor microenvironment (anti-VLA4 monoclonal antibody, chemokine CXCR4 inhibitor AMD-3100 and selectin inhibitor GMI-1070). We discuss their mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical outcome in the treatment of MM. Although the development of novel agents has improved the outcomes of MM treatment, most of the patients will still relapse and become refractory to therapy due to development of drug resistance. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms of MM progression, including cellular and molecular events in the MM cells and in their bone marrow microenvironment, is warranted to provide new therapeutic targets and develop new drugs and therapeutic strategies to treat MM.

3Carfilzomib-Loaded Ternary Polypeptide Nanoparticles Stabilized by Polycationic Complexation.PubMed

Preye Agbana, Ji Eun Park, Piotr Rychahou, et al.
Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor showing great efficacy in multiple myeloma treatment, yet its clinical applications for other diseases such as solid cancers are limited due to low aqueous solubility and poor biostability. Ternary polypeptide nanoparticles (tPNPs) are drug carriers that we previously reported to overcome these pharmaceutical limitations by entrapping CFZ in the core of the nanoparticles and protecting the drugs from degradation in biological media. However, preclinical studies revealed that tPNPs would require further improvement in particle stability to suppress initial burst drug release and thus achieve prolonged inhibition of proteasome activity with CFZ against tumor cells in vivo. In this study, CFZ-loaded tPNPs are stabilized by polycations which have varying pKa values and thus differently modulate nanoparticle stability in response to solution pH. Through polyion complexation, the polycations appeared to stabilize the core of tPNPs entrapping CFZ-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes while allowing for uniform particle size before and after freeze drying. Interestingly, CFZ-loaded tPNPs (CFZ/tPNPs) showed pH-dependent drug release kinetics, which accelerated CFZ release as solution acidity increased (pH < 6) without compromising particle stability at the physiological condition (pH 7.4). In vitro cytotoxicity and proteasome activity assays confirmed that tPNPs stabilized with cationic polymers improved bioactivity of CFZ against CFZ-resistant cancer cells, which would be greatly beneficial in combination with pH-dependent drug release for treatment of solid cancers with drug resistance and tumor microenvironment acidosis by using CFZ and other proteasome inhibitors.

4Efficacy and safety of isatuximab subcutaneous plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: results of the Phase 2 study IZALCO.PubMed

Gurdeep Parmar, Marcelo Capra, Fernanda Seguro, et al.
In the Phase 2 IZALCO study, we evaluated efficacy, patient preference, safety and pharmacokinetics for isatuximab administered SC by an innovative on-body injector (OBI) or manual injection, plus carfilzomib-dexamethasone (Kd) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients. In Part 1, isatuximab SC was injected manually (cycles 1-6). In Part 2, patients were randomized to isatuximab SC by manual injection (cycles 1-3) followed by OBI administration (cycles 4-6) or to isatuximab OBI (cycles 1-3) followed by manual injection (cycles 4-6). From cycle 7, all patients could choose either treatment method. Overall, 74 RRMM patients received isatuximab SC plus Kd: 8 in Part 1 and 66 in Part 2. The patients had a median age of 65.0 years (44-85) with a median of 1 prior treatment line (1-5). The study met its primary efficacy endpoint with a 79.7% overall response rate (N = 74), at a median follow-up of 10.1 months. 74.5% of patients preferred the OBI rather than manual injection, 17% preferred manual injection, 8.5% had no preference. No impact of the SC delivery method was observed on efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of isatuximab given SC plus Kd, supporting the feasibility of using the OBI as a convenient method for isatuximab SC administration. Clinical trial information: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05704049.

5Minimal residual disease response-adapted therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MASTER): final report of the multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial.PubMed

Luciano J Costa, Saurabh Chhabra, Eva Medvedova, et al.
BACKGROUND: For patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, reaching minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity after treatment is associated with improved outcomes; however, the use of MRD to modulate therapy remains elusive. We present the final analysis of the MASTER trial of daratumumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (Dara-KRd) therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, in which MRD status is used to modulate treatment duration and cessation. METHODS: MASTER was a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial conducted in five academic medical centres in the USA. Eligible participants were 18 years or older with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (measurable by serum or urine protein electrophoresis or serum free light chains), a life expectancy of at least 12 months, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2, and had received no previous treatment for multiple myeloma except up to one cycle of therapy containing bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. The study was enriched for participants with high-risk chromosome abnormalities (HRCAs). During the induction phase, participants received four 28-day cycles of Dara-KRd, each comprising daratumumab (16 mg/kg intravenously on days 1, 8, 15, and 22), carfilzomib (56 mg/m intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15), lenalidomide (25 mg orally on days 1-21), and dexamethasone (40 mg orally or intravenously on days 1, 8, 15, and 22); induction was followed by autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and up to two phases of consolidation with Dara-KRd. We assessed MRD by next-generation sequencing after or during each phase. The primary endpoint was reaching MRD negativity (<10). Participants who reached MRD negativity after or during two consecutive phases stopped treatment and began observation with MRD surveillance (MRD-SURE); participants who did not reach two consecutive MRD-negative results received maintenance lenalidomide. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival and cumulative incidence of progression. All analyses were conducted in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03224507, and is complete. FINDINGS: Between Mar 21, 2018, and Oct 23, 2020, 123 participants were recruited to the study, of whom 70 (57%) were men, 53 (43%) were women, 94 (76%) were non-Hispanic White, 25 (20%) were non-Hispanic Black, and four (3%) were of another race or ethnicity. The median age of participants was 61 years (IQR 55-68), and 24 (20%) were aged 70 years or older. The median duration of follow up was 42·2 months (IQR 34·5-46·0). Of the 123 participants, 53 (43%) had no HRCAs, 46 (37%) had one HRCA, and 24 (20%) had two or more HRCAs. For 118 (96%) of 123 participants, MRD was evaluable by next-generation sequencing; the remaining five had an absence of sufficiently unique clonogenic sequences to enable tracking by the assay. Of these 118 participants, 96 (81%, 95% CI 73-88) reached MRD of less than 10 (comprising 39 [78%, 64-88] of 50 participants with no HRCAs, 38 [86%, 73-95] of 44 participants with one HRCA, and 19 [79%, 58-93] of 24 participants with two or more HRCAs) and 84 (71%, 62-79) reached MRD-SURE and treatment cessation. 36-month progression-free survival among all 123 participants was 88% (95% CI 78-95) for participants with no HRCAs, 79% (67-88) for those with one HRCA, and 50% (30-70) for those with two or more HRCAs. For the 84 participants reaching MRD-SURE, the 24-month cumulative incidence of progression from cessation of therapy was 9% (95% CI 1-19) for participants with no HRCAs, 9% (1-18) for those with one HRCA, and 47% (23-72) for those with two or more HRCAs. 61 participants (comprising 52% of 118 MRD-evaluable participants and 73% of 84 participants who reached MRD-SURE) remain free of therapy and MRD-negative as of Feb 7, 2023. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (43 patients, 35%), lymphopenia (28 patients, 23%), and hypertension (13 patients, 11%). Three treatment-emergent deaths were recorded: two sudden deaths and one due to viral infection, none of which were judged to be treatment-related. INTERPRETATION: This approach provided positive outcomes and a pathway for treatment cessation in most patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Outcomes for patients with ultra-high-risk multiple myeloma, defined as those with two or more HRCAs, remain unsatisfactory, and these patients should be prioritised for trials with early introduction of therapies with novel mechanisms of action. FUNDING: Amgen and Janssen Pharmaceuticals.

6Novel approaches to treatment of double-refractory multiple myeloma.PubMed

Hans C Lee, Jatin J Shah, Robert Z Orlowski
Multiple myeloma (MM) refractory to both proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs; double-refractory myeloma) has a poor prognosis. With the more frequent use of these agents as part of initial therapy, and then in the maintenance setting until disease progression, such drug resistance is an emerging problem of great significance. New therapeutic strategies are clearly needed for this patient population, including the development of more potent agents within existing antimyeloma drug classes, exploration of rational combinations of both novel and conventional drugs, and validation of new myeloma drug targets. Several approaches have shown substantial promise, including use of the second-generation proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib and the third-generation IMiD pomalidomide, which led to the recent regulatory approval of both agents. In addition, the kinesin-spindle protein KSP inhibitor ARRY-520 has shown activity as a first-in-class drug in myeloma therapeutics, whereas the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors vorinostat and panobinostat have demonstrated efficacy when used in rational combinations. This overview provides a summary of novel agents that have shown activity in double-refractory myeloma in recent phase II and III clinical trials, and a framework for future studies that will help to improve outcomes in this patient population.

7Fabrication of Poly Lactic--Glycolic Acid Microneedles for Sustained Delivery of Lipophilic Peptide-Carfilzomib.PubMed

Nisha Shrestha, Tanvi Karve, Thomas Kipping, et al.
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is an attractive route of administration, providing several advantages, especially over oral and parenteral routes. However, TDD is significantly restricted due to the barrier imposed by the uppermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC). Microneedles is a physical enhancement technique that efficiently pierces the SC and facilitates the delivery of both lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules. Dissolving microneedles is a commonly used type that is fabricated utilizing various biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, or poly(lactide--glycolide) (PLGA). Such polymers also promote the prolonged release of the drug due to the slow degradation of the polymer matrix following its insertion. We selected carfilzomib, a small therapeutic peptide (: 719.924 g/mol, log 4.19), as a model drug to fabricate a microneedle-based sustained delivery system. This study is a proof-of-concept investigation in which we fabricated PLGA microneedles using four types of PLGA (50-2A, 50-5A, 75-5A, and 50-7P) to evaluate the feasibility of long-acting transdermal delivery of carfilzomib. Micromolding technique was used to fabricate the PLGA microneedles and characterization tests, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, insertion capability using the skin simulant Parafilm model, histological evaluation, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy were conducted. release and permeation testing were conducted in vertical Franz diffusion cells. -methyl pyrrolidone was utilized as the organic solvent and microneedles were solidified in controlled conditions, which led to good mechanical strength. Both release and permeation testing showed sustained profiles of carfilzomib over 7 days. The release and permeation were significantly influenced by the molecular weight of PLGA and the lipophilic properties of carfilzomib.

8Nanoparticles Coated with Neutrophil Membranes Can Effectively Treat Cancer Metastasis.PubMed

Ting Kang, Qianqian Zhu, Dan Wei, et al.
The dissemination, seeding, and colonization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) serve as the root of distant metastasis. As a key step in the early stage of metastasis formation, colonization of CTCs in the (pre-)metastatic niche appears to be a valuable target. Evidence showed that inflammatory neutrophils possess both a CTC- and niche-targeting property by the intrinsic cell adhesion molecules on neutrophils. Inspired by this mechanism, we developed a nanosize neutrophil-mimicking drug delivery system (NM-NP) by coating neutrophils membranes on the surface of poly(latic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs). The membrane-associated protein cocktails on neutrophils membrane were mostly translocated to the surface of NM-NP via a nondisruptive approach, and the biobinding activity of neutrophils was highly preserved. Compared with uncoated NP, NM-NP exhibited enhanced cellular association in 4T1 cell models under shear flow in vitro, much higher CTC-capture efficiency in vivo, and improved homing to the premetastatic niche. Following loading with carfilzomib, a second generation of proteasome inhibitor, the NM-NP-based nanoformulation (NM-NP-CFZ) selectively depleted CTCs in the blood, prevented early metastasis and potentially inhibited the progress of already-formed metastasis. Our NP design can neutralize CTCs in the circulation and inhibit the formation of a metastatic niche.

9Mass spectrometry-based assessment of M protein in peripheral blood during maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma.PubMed

Tadeusz Kubicki, Dominik Dytfeld, David Barnidge, et al.
Mass spectrometry (MS) can detect multiple myeloma-derived monoclonal proteins in the peripheral blood (PB) with high sensitivity, potentially serving as a PB assay for measurable residual disease (MRD). This study evaluated the significance of PB MS MRD negativity during posttransplant therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Serum samples from 138 patients treated in the phase 3 ATLAS trial of posttransplant maintenance with either carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone, or with lenalidomide alone were analyzed using EXENT MS methodology. We established feasibility of measuring MRD by MS in the PB in the posttransplant setting, despite unavailability of pretreatment calibration samples. There was high agreement between MRD by MS in the PB and paired bone marrow (BM) MRD results at the 10-5 threshold, assessed by either next-generation sequencing (NGS) or multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) (70% and 67%, respectively). Agreement between PB MS and both BM MRD methods was lowest early after transplant and increased with time. MS negativity was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS), which, in landmark analysis, reached statistical significance after 18 cycles after transplant. Combined PB/BM MRD negativity by MFC or NGS was associated with superior PFS compared with MRD negativity by only 1 modality. Sustained MS negativity carried similar prognostic performance to sustained BM MRD negativity at the 10-5 threshold. Overall, posttransplant MS assessment was feasible and provided additional prognostic information to BM MRD negativity. Further studies are needed to confirm the role and optimal timing of MS in disease evaluation algorithms. The ATLAS trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02659293.

10Cancer targeting carfilzomib nanomedicine: a comprehensive review of delivery vehicles and efficacy.PubMed

Matthew Molinaro, Dipanjan Pan
Cancer therapy is an ever-changing landscape in constant demand of innovative approaches. Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a tetrapeptide epoxyketone covalent proteasome inhibitor currently approved for the treatment of refractory multiple myeloma. CFZ has a litany of anti-cancer biological effects lending itself to the treatment of a broad number of malignancies. Like many anti-cancer agents, CFZ is marred by severe offsite toxicities that limit applications of the drug. As a result, many nanomedicine approaches have been explored to improve the therapeutic index of CFZ-based treatments. Nanoparticle mediated delivery of CFZ has emerged as a leading candidate. CFZ can be encapsulated in a diverse array of nanomedical formulations including lipid-based, polymer, inorganic, and nanocrystalline vehicles. Each vehicle subtype has unique properties allowing for opportunities for enhanced delivery as well as multimodal therapy. In this review, we will categorize and summarize CFZ nanomedicine methods while demonstrating the potential of CFZ in the treatment of cancer.

11Carfilzomib as a potential inhibitor of NADH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases of and as a drug target enzyme: insights from molecular docking and molecular dynamics.PubMed

A M U B Mahfuz, Felipe Stambuk Opazo, Luis F Aguilar, et al.
Multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of can cause life-threatening infections. Bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductases (ENRs) are considered critical targets for developing antibiotics. Our current study aims to identify inhibitors of ENRs (FabI and FabV). Due to the unavailability of experimental structures, protein models of FabI and FabV were predicted and validated in this study. Virtual screening of the 1930 FDA-approved drug database was conducted against the active site of the FabI protein with the help of the LEA3D server, and carfilzomib was chosen among the screened drugs for further docking studies. Carfilzomib, a proteasome inhibitor used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, was among the best-suited compounds obtained from the virtual screening and was found to be bactericidal in the experiment. Carfilzomib was docked against the active sites of the FabI and FabV proteins, and the ENR of , InhA. Carfilzomib showed a high binding affinity with all three proteins. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted following the docking studies. MD simulations revealed that carfilzomib binds strongly to the active sites of the above mentioned ENRs. Our study found that carfilzomib is a potential inhibitor of the ENRs of and This is a possible mechanism of its bactericidal property against observed in addition to its predicted actions on zinc-dependent metalloprotease-1 and peptide deformylase, two other drug target enzymes of . Our study suggests that this drug could be used as a lead compound to develop antibiotics that can selectively act against ENRs of bacteria, without interfering with the activities of human proteasome. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

12Boosting CAR T-cell efficacy by blocking proteasomal degradation of membrane antigens.PubMed

Leonie Rieger, Kilian Irlinger, Franziska Füchsl, et al.
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exhibit high response rates in B-cell malignancies, but most patients eventually relapse. A key mechanism of treatment failure is the loss or downregulation of tumor antigen expression, yet strategies to modulate cell surface levels of CAR T-cell targets remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a central CAR T-cell target in multiple myeloma (MM), as a highly short-lived protein that undergoes K48-linked polyubiquitylation at the plasma membrane, leading to its p97-dependent degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This previously unprecedented mechanism of plasma membrane protein regulation enables significant enhancement of BCMA expression via proteasome inhibitors (PIs). The clinically approved PI carfilzomib (CFZ) significantly enhances the efficacy of BCMA-directed CAR T cells against both PI-sensitive and -refractory MM cells in vitro and in vivo. Notably, CFZ treatment of 10 patients with BMCA CAR T-cell therapy relapse, under the CFZ after BCMA CAR T-cell (CarCAR) protocol, resulted in increased BCMA expression in all patients. However, clinical responses were observed only in those with residual and/or expanding CAR T cells, suggesting restored CAR T-cell function. These findings provide a rationale for the use of CFZ treatment in relapsed or refractory MM after BCMA CAR T-cell therapy, advocate for future trials combining CFZ with BCMA CAR T cells, and provide a framework for exploring UPS-dependent degradation of other immunotherapy antigens.

13Effects of Organic Acids on Drug Release From Ternary Polypeptide Nanoparticles Entrapping Carfilzomib.PubMed

Sharonda Jackson, Preye Agbana, Kyung-Bo Kim, et al.
Carfilzomib (CFZ) is an FDA-approved proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic properties against various cancers, yet its short blood retention time after intravenous injection (< 30 min) makes clinical applications limited to multiple myeloma. We previously developed ternary polypeptide nanoparticles (tPNPs) as a new nanoparticle formulation of CFZ to overcome these limitations. The formulation was prepared by polyion complexation between poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-glutamate) block copolymers (PEG-PLE) and CFZ-cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexes, where CDs were positively charged with 7 primary amines attached while PEG-PLE carried 100 carboxyl groups per polymer chain. Although tPNPs greatly improved biostability of CFZ, CFZ-loaded tPNPs (CFZ-tPNPs) still showed burst drug release and mediocre drug retention under physiological conditions. To address these issues, organic acids are tested as stabilizers in this study to improve particle stability and drug retention for tPNPs. Charge densities in the core of CFZ-tPNPs were optimized with selected organic acids such as citric acid (CA) and lactic acid (LA) at varying mixing ratios. Organic acids successfully maintained small particle size suitable for intravenous injection and drug delivery (diameters < 60 nm), improved CFZ solubility (> 1 mg/mL), allowed for lyophilization and easy reconstitution in various buffers, enhanced drug retention (> 60% post 24 h incubation), and suppressed burst drug release in the first 6 h following solubilization. These results demonstrate that organic acid stabilized tPNPs are useful as an injection formulation of CFZ, which may expand the utility of the proteasome inhibitor.

14Sustained Delivery of Carfilzomib by Tannic Acid-Based Nanocapsules Helps Develop Antitumor Immunity.PubMed

Maie S Taha, Gregory M Cresswell, Joonyoung Park, et al.
A group of chemotherapeutic drugs has gained increasing interest in cancer immunotherapy due to the potential to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). A critical challenge in using the ICD inducers in cancer immunotherapy is the immunotoxicity accompanying their antiproliferative effects. To alleviate this, a nanocapsule formulation of carfilzomib (CFZ), an ICD-inducing proteasome inhibitor, was developed using interfacial supramolecular assembly of tannic acid (TA) and iron, supplemented with albumin coating. The albumin-coated CFZ nanocapsules (CFZ-pTA-alb) attenuated CFZ release, reducing toxicity to immune cells. Moreover, due to the adhesive nature of the TA assembly, CFZ-pTA-alb served as a reservoir of damage-associated molecular patterns released from dying tumor cells to activate dendritic cells. Upon intratumoral administration, CFZ-pTA-alb prolonged tumor retention of CFZ and showed consistently greater antitumor effects than cyclodextrin-solubilized CFZ (CFZ-CD) in B16F10 and CT26 tumor models. Unlike CFZ-CD, the locally injected CFZ-pTA-alb protected or enhanced CD8 T cell population in tumors, helped develop splenocytes with tumor-specific interferon-γ response, and delayed tumor development on the contralateral side in immunocompetent mice (but not in athymic nude mice), supporting that CFZ-pTA-alb contributed to activating antitumor immunity. This study demonstrates that sustained delivery of ICD inducers by TA-based nanocapsules is an effective way of translating local ICD induction to systemic antitumor immunity.

15KD-PACE Salvage Therapy for Aggressive Relapsed Refractory Multiple Myeloma, Plasma Cell Leukemia and Extramedullary Myeloma.PubMed

Aseel Alsouqi, Muhammad Khan, Binod Dhakal, et al.
BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced/aggressive multiple myeloma have limited treatment options to achieve rapid disease control. In eligible patients, bortezomib, dexamethasone, thalidomide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide is often used. However, many patients are refractory to or have toxicities from bortezomib and there is a need for bridging therapy. We have used a modified regimen incorporating the second-generation proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (carfilzomib, dexamethasone, thalidomide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide [KD-PACE]) instead of bortezomib for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This 2-center retrospective study included consecutive patients receiving KD-PACE for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, or extramedullary myeloma. The primary outcome was the feasibility of KD-PACE as a bridging therapy to a more definitive treatment option. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were included. The median age was 57 years, and 67% were male. Thirty-one patients were bridged with KD-PACE to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (29%), allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (27%), or a clinical trial (12%). Patients bridged to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant, allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, or a clinical trial had a superior progression-free survival (8.3 months vs 2.3 months in the nonbridged group; P < .001) and overall survival (median, 16.7 months vs 4.3 months in the nonbridged group; P < .001). No unexpected toxicities occurred from the treatment regimen. CONCLUSION: KD-PACE is a promising treatment option for select patients with advanced/aggressive forms of myeloma requiring rapid disease control before a more definitive salvage therapy such as auto/allotransplantation or a clinical trial.

16Carfilzomib and Paclitaxel Co-Loaded Protein Nanoparticles an Effective Therapy Against Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas.PubMed

Wen-Ting Cheng, Hsiu-O Ho, Shyr-Yi Lin, et al.
PURPOSE: Therapeutic efficacy of pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PACs) with combined therapy of carfilzomib (CFZ) and paclitaxel (PTX) co-loaded in human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (NPs) was examined. METHODS: CFZ and PTX were encapsulated individually or combined into HSA NPs by a simple reverse self-assembly method developed to achieve an optimal combination ratio for synergistic therapy. CFZ or/and PTX loaded HSA nanoparticles were physically characterized and the evaluation of combination index, drug release, pharmacokinetic, anti-tumor, and biodistribution studies were conducted. RESULTS: All resultant drug-loaded HSA NPs were spherical with a particle size of <150 nm and a zeta potential of -21.1~-23.0 mV. Drug loading rates and entrapment efficiencies were 9.1%~10.1% and 90.7%~97.1%, respectively. CFZ and PTX demonstrated synergistic effects in an MIA PaCa-2 cytotoxicity at a 1:2 ratio (CI were 0.01~0.25). In vitro dissolution revealed that the CFZ/PTX ratio released from the co-loaded HSA NPs (CFZ/PTX/HSA NPs) was about 1.77~2.08, which conformed to the designated loaded ratio. In vivo evaluation showed that the combined therapy of CFZ and PTX at a 1:2 ratio co-loaded in HSA NPs (CFZ/PTX/HSA NPs) demonstrated optimal synergistic improvement of the growth inhibition of MIA PaCa-2 cells with less systematic toxicity, even though the pharmacokinetic profiles observed did not show obvious beneficial and their biodistributions in tumors were found to be smaller. CONCLUSION: The one-pot reverse assembly method developed was environmentally friendly and capable of co-loading an optimal combination ratio of two chemodrugs into HSA NPs for synergistic therapy.

17[Clinical update-multiple myeloma].PubMed

Hartmut Goldschmidt
CLINICAL ISSUE: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of hematopoetic system and is associated with destruction of bone, suppressed bone marrow function and renal failure. It is characterized by strong proliferation of malignant plasma cells. STANDARD TREATMENT: Classic therapies contained an alkylating agent and a glucocorticoid. In the 1990s, treatments were supplemented with transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells. TREATMENT INNOVATIONS: During the 2000s, new therapies emerged, combining an immunomodulator (thalidomide, lenalidomide or pomalidomide), a proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib, carfilzomib or ixazomib), and a monoclonal antibody against CD38. Currently, antibodies against BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), bispecific antibodies, and CAR T‑cell (chimeric antigen receptor T cells) therapies are being investigated in clinical trials. DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP: Classic diagnostics were based on end-organ damage, e.g., bone destruction, and estimated tumor load. Since 2014, new criteria for an earlier start of therapy were introduced-concentration of antibody light chains in blood serum, bone marrow lesions and its infiltration by malignant plasma cells. These lesions (clusters of myeloma cells) can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Both methods are also used to monitor therapy response. Traditional X‑ray imaging has been replaced by the more gentle, low-dose CT. The standard diagnostic process is extended by cytogenetic examination of bone marrow samples via imaging fluorescent in situ hybridization (iFiSH) to identify patients at high risk. PERFORMANCE: While most MM patients could be treated only palliatively until the 1990s, the prognosis has continuously improved since then. Nowadays, MM can be classified as a chronic disease.

18Exploring the mechanisms of drug-delivery by decorated ZnO nanoparticles through predictive ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations.PubMed

Cheherazade Trouki, Giovanni Barcaro, Susanna Monti
Herein, we study the assembling of a drug delivery nanocarrier through reactive molecular dynamics simulations based on an appropriately tuned force field. First, we focus on the combination of the various components (all selected in agreement with experiments), namely nanoparticle (ZnO), functional chains (oleic acid), drug (carfilzomib), and solvent molecules (ethanol), and then on the ability of the assembled nanotool to release its cargo in a physiological environment (water). The simulation results reveal that reactivity is crucial for characterizing the stability of the functionalized ZnONP, its dynamics, and its interactions with lipid chains and drug molecules. The chains are stably chemisorbed on the ZnONP through monodentate or bidentate binding of the carboxyls to the Zn atoms (the hydrogens are released to the surface oxygens). Chains' self-interactions reinforce the lipid cover's stability and distribution on the ZnONP interface. The added drug migrates from the solution to the nano assembly and is captured by the lipids. The molecules are entrapped among the oleic acid chains and adsorbed on the uncoated regions of the nanoparticle surface, partially physisorbed or chemisorbed. The analysis of the simulations confirms that the supramolecular assembly is compact and stable in ethanol. However, upon injection into the water, the size of the aggregate gradually increases, and the lipids start to swell with the aqueous medium. The system evolves towards an unpacked structure where the chains are elongated, separated, and prone to release the cargo depending on local water activity and depth of cargo insertion. All the results agree with the literature confirming the reliability of our predictive computational procedure for disclosing the structure and dynamics of complex materials relevant to the medicinal chemistry field.
内容由 AI 生成,仅供参考,请仔细甄别