• Suppr超能文献
  • 文献检索
  • 文档翻译
  • 深度研究
  • 学术资讯
  • Suppr Zotero 插件Zotero 插件
定价套餐&价格
应用&插件
Suppr Zotero 插件Zotero 插件浏览器插件Mac 客户端Win 客户端微信小程序
定价
会员套餐积分包API 积分包
服务
文献检索文档翻译深度研究API 文档MCP 服务
关于我们
关于 Suppr公司介绍联系我们用户协议隐私条款
关注我们

Suppr 超能文献

核心技术专利:CN118964589B侵权必究
粤ICP备2023148730 号-1Suppr @ 2026
  1. 首页
  2. 分享广场
  3. 阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂:机制、性能、应用与未来展望

阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂:机制、性能、应用与未来展望

文献检索匿名用户发表于 2026年08月11日 11:2010阅读
检索问题

整理一份阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的文献综述

阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的文献综述

摘要

阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂是一种性能优异的材料,在学术界和工业界引起了广泛关注。其独特的聚合机制和显著的性能优势使其在涂料、胶黏剂、印刷油墨、立体光刻、全息记录、光固化复合材料以及微电子光刻胶等多个领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。本综述将全面探讨阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的组成、聚合机制、性能特点、固化方法、应用以及当前面临的挑战和未来发展方向,并结合最新的研究进展进行深入分析。

1. 引言

环氧树脂是热固性材料中应用最广泛的聚合物之一,以其优异的热学和机械性能而闻名。传统的环氧树脂固化过程通常需要高温和长时间的反应,这带来了高能耗和长加工周期的挑战。为了应对这些挑战,研究人员开发了多种在温和和环境友好条件下进行固化的新方法,其中阳离子聚合是重要途径之一。阳离子聚合,特别是光引发阳离子聚合,因其快速、可控的反应速率以及对材料形成的空间和时间控制能力,在工业应用中占据了重要地位。与自由基聚合相比,阳离子光聚合具有不受氧气抑制、收缩率低、附着力好和机械性能优异等优点。此外,阳离子聚合中使用的单体通常比自由基光聚合中广泛使用的丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯毒性更低,刺激性更小。

本综述旨在为阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂提供一个全面的概述,涵盖其基本原理、关键组分、固化机制、性能特点、固化技术以及广泛的应用领域。同时,也将讨论当前研究的热点,如双重固化体系、闭模光固化技术以及电子束固化等,并对未来的发展趋势进行展望。

2. 阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的组成

典型的阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂主要由以下几部分组成:

  • 环氧树脂单体/齐聚物: 环氧树脂是胶黏剂的基体材料,提供主要的机械和化学性能。在阳离子光固化环氧胶黏剂中,环状脂肪族环氧树脂(cycloaliphatic epoxy resin)是主要的组成部分。研究表明,环状脂肪族环氧树脂配方比双酚A/F配方固化速度快得多,并且具有更均匀的硬度分布和在固化过程中的紫外辐射透明性。这使得它们成为光固化应用中优选的环氧树脂类型。例如,3,4-环氧环己基甲基3',4'-环氧环己烷羧酸酯(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate)是一种广泛使用的双环状脂肪族环氧树脂,其光固化行为已被深入研究。

  • 阳离子光引发剂: 光引发剂是阳离子光聚合的关键组分,负责在紫外光照射下产生活性阳离子或强布朗斯特酸,从而引发环氧基团的开环聚合。

    • ** oxa盐(Onium Salts):** oxa盐,特别是二芳基碘 oxa盐(diaryliodonium salts)和三芳基硫 oxa盐(triarylsulfonium salts),是目前最重要和广泛使用的阳离子光引发剂之一。这些化合物在1970年代末期被发现并确立为阳离子光聚合的有效引发剂。
      • 二芳基碘 oxa盐: 例如,(4-烷氧基苯基)苯基碘 oxa盐是一种优异的光引发剂和热引发剂,可用于乙烯基和杂环单体的阳离子聚合。它们的合成方法简单,溶解性和光响应特性良好,特别适合紫外固化应用。此外,具有八个或更长碳链的烷氧基衍生物基本无毒。
      • 三芳基硫 oxa盐: 例如,三芳基硫 oxa盐与复合金属卤化物阴离子(如BF4⁻, AsF6⁻, PF6⁻, SbF6⁻)是高效的阳离子聚合光引发剂。研究表明,在190-365 nm波长范围内照射这些化合物会导致碳-硫键断裂,形成自由基碎片,同时生成强布朗斯特酸HMXn,后者是阳离子聚合的活性引发剂,并在随后的“暗反应”步骤中发挥作用。混合三芳基硫 oxa盐六氟锑酸盐(mixed salts of triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate)已被用作环状脂肪族环氧树脂光固化的引发剂。
    • 热引发剂: 除了光引发剂,一些阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂也使用热活化引发剂,特别是在需要热固化或后热固化的体系中。研究表明,硫 oxa型引发剂的结构变化,特别是阴离子的结构变化,对热阳离子聚合具有显著影响。通过调整阴离子和阳离子之间的离子相互作用以及取代基的电荷离域和空间位阻,可以精确调控引发温度在53-139 °C的范围内。
  • 固化剂/潜伏固化剂: 在一些混合体系中,除了光引发剂,还会加入热固化剂或潜伏固化剂,以实现双重固化或弥补光固化的不足。

  • 活性稀释剂/增韧剂/柔性剂: 为了调节树脂的粘度、提高固化膜的韧性或柔韧性,可以添加活性稀释剂、增韧剂或柔性剂。例如,聚丙二醇(polypropylene glycols)被用作柔性剂,以调节阳离子光聚合环氧树脂的网络形成和形态。

  • 添加剂: 其他添加剂可能包括流平剂、消泡剂、抗氧化剂等,以优化胶黏剂的加工性能和最终性能。氟化超支化聚合物(fluorinated hyperbranched polymers)可作为添加剂,通过链转移机制增加最终环氧转化率,并改善表面疏水性、硬度以及对腐蚀性溶剂的防护能力。

3. 阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的聚合机制

阳离子环氧树脂的聚合通常涉及光引发和/或热引发的阳离子开环聚合机制。

  • 光引发机制:
    • 光酸生成: 最常见的阳离子光聚合机制是基于 oxa盐的光致产酸反应。在紫外光照射下, oxa盐(如二芳基碘 oxa盐或三芳基硫 oxa盐)会分解产生强布朗斯特酸,如六氟磷酸或六氟锑酸。
    • 引发: 这些光生酸作为引发剂,通过质子化环氧基团的氧原子,使其活化,形成活性阳离子中心。
    • 链增长: 活化的环氧基团与体系中的其他环氧单体发生开环反应,形成聚合物链。阳离子聚合具有“活”聚合的特征,即在没有终止反应的情况下,聚合物链可以持续增长,甚至在停止光照后,聚合反应仍可持续一段时间(“暗反应”)。
    • 转移与终止: 阳离子聚合的终止机制通常不明显,但可能存在链转移反应,例如向水、醇或其他含有活泼氢原子的化合物转移,从而生成新的活性中心或终止链增长。研究表明,光固化温度、引发剂浓度和辐射强度都会影响引发和链增长步骤之间的平衡,从而影响反应机制和最终材料的结构和性能。
  • 热引发机制:
    • 热活化: 一些阳离子引发剂可以在受热时分解或活化,生成阳离子物种或酸,从而引发环氧树脂的开环聚合。
    • 聚合: 热引发的阳离子聚合与光引发机制类似,通过阳离子开环反应实现链增长。热引发剂的选择和结构设计对聚合的起始温度和反应活性有显著影响。
  • 混合/双重固化机制: 为了结合不同固化机制的优点,研究人员开发了多种混合固化体系。
    • UV光固化与后热固化: 典型的商用UV阳离子环氧胶黏剂主要由环状脂肪族环氧树脂和阳离子光引发剂组成,它们具有无表面固化问题、低固化收缩和良好附着力等优点,但需要进行后热固化才能达到完全的附着性能。这种后热固化可以有效提高材料的转化率和最终性能。
    • UV丙烯酸酯和热固化环氧树脂混合体系: 这类混合胶黏剂主要由丙烯酸酯单体、自由基光引发剂、环氧树脂和固化剂组成。它们结合了丙烯酸酯组分快速UV固化的优点和热固化环氧组分高附着性能的优点。
    • 新型无引发剂混合UV和热固化胶黏剂: 一种新型的无引发剂混合单组分UV和热固化胶黏剂被引入,主要由马来酰亚胺化合物、丙烯酸单体、部分丙烯酸酯化环氧树脂、环氧树脂和潜伏固化剂组成,其UV固化和热固化行为已通过FT-IR光谱测量进行了研究。
    • 双波长固化: 双波长立体光刻3D打印技术利用混合丙烯酸酯-环氧树脂,通过可见光(405 nm)引发丙烯酸酯的自由基固化,通过紫外光(365 nm)引发环氧单体的阳离子开环反应,从而实现具有异质和局部可控机械性能的物体制造。

4. 阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的性能特点

阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂因其独特的固化机制而表现出许多优异的性能:

  • 无氧抑制: 与自由基光聚合不同,阳离子光聚合对氧气不敏感,因此在空气中固化时不会出现表面固化问题,这对涂料和胶黏剂应用非常有利。
  • 低固化收缩: 阳离子聚合通常涉及开环反应,与自由基聚合中的双键聚合相比,体积收缩率更低。低收缩率有助于减少固化过程中的应力,提高材料的尺寸稳定性,并减少翘曲和变形。
  • 良好的附着力: 环氧树脂本身就具有优异的附着力,而阳离子固化过程形成的聚合物网络进一步增强了其与各种基材的粘结强度。
  • 优异的机械性能: 固化后的阳离子环氧树脂通常具有高交联密度和均匀的网络结构,从而赋予材料良好的硬度、刚度、强度和耐磨性。电子束引发的阳离子聚合可以在非常短的固化时间内制备具有良好机械性能且无残余未反应环氧官能团的环氧涂层,无需进行热后处理。
  • 耐化学腐蚀性: 环氧树脂固化后形成的交联网络结构通常具有良好的化学稳定性和耐腐蚀性。例如,阳离子型叔胺环氧树脂涂层对不锈钢合金在早期降解时间点表现出积极的防腐作用。水性阳离子环氧树脂改性疏水硅烷通过阴极电沉积在热镀锌钢上,显示出比浸涂更优异的防腐性能。
  • 环保性: 阳离子聚合中使用的单体通常比丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯毒性更低,刺激性更小。此外,开发温和和环境友好的固化条件,如无溶剂和低于80°C的聚合温度,以及替代双酚A(BPA)的生物基单体,是当前研究的热点,旨在提高环氧树脂体系的生态友好性。
  • 可调控性: 固化参数(如光引发剂类型、辐照强度、固化温度)和树脂组分(如环氧树脂类型、柔性剂)可以影响固化机制、网络结构和最终材料性能。例如,通过调节硫 oxa型引发剂的结构,可以将热引发温度精确调控在53–139 °C之间,从而实现高性能、按需固化的环氧基体系。
  • 暗反应(Dark Reaction): 阳离子聚合的活性中心在光照停止后仍然可以保持活性,继续聚合反应,这被称为“暗反应”。这种特性使得材料可以在光照后继续固化,甚至在未被光线直接照射的区域也能实现固化,对于较厚部件的完全固化具有重要意义。

5. 固化方法

阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的固化主要通过以下几种方式实现:

  • 紫外(UV)光固化: 这是最常见的阳离子环氧树脂固化方法之一。环氧配方暴露在电磁辐射(通常是紫外线)下,引发光聚合过程。UV光固化具有快速、高效的特点,但传统方法通常适用于开放模具过程,即环氧配方直接暴露在辐射下。
  • 热固化: 在一些应用中,特别是在闭模工艺或需要完全固化的情况下,会采用热固化。热固化可以单独使用,也可以作为UV光固化后的后处理(后热固化)。后热固化对于实现材料的完全附着性能和优化机械性能至关重要。
  • 电子束(EB)固化: 电子束引发的阳离子聚合是一种能量高效且生产率高的固化技术。它结合了EB固化的优点和环氧涂层理想的机械和化学特性。虽然EB阳离子环氧体系的聚合速率相对较慢,但研究表明,通过优化单体和阳离子引发剂的化学结构以及EB辐照参数,可以在非常短的固化时间内获得高转化率(>95%)和良好机械性能的涂层,无需热后处理。
  • 闭模光固化: 对于闭模工艺,传统的光固化方法难以将辐射导入模具内部。研究人员开发了使用侧发光光纤(side emitting optical fibres)的闭模光固化系统。该系统通过优化环氧基树脂配方(如使用环状脂肪族环氧树脂)和光纤类型(如PMMA核心聚合物光纤),成功地将UV辐射导入模具内部,实现了厚达5毫米的部件的固化。尽管5毫米厚的部件在45分钟内部分固化,但由于暗反应,它最终会在长达36小时内完全固化。
  • UV引发前沿聚合(Frontal Polymerization): 这是一种结合了自由基引发阳离子聚合(Radical-Induced Cationic Polymerization, RICP)和前沿聚合的技术,能够固化厚样品而无需光线直接穿透整个厚度。通过调节阳离子光引发剂和自由基引发剂的相对含量,可以控制前沿速度和最高温度,从而在较深层获得定量转化。
  • 双波长固化: 结合两种波长正交的交联反应,例如使用可见光(405 nm)进行丙烯酸酯的自由基固化,同时使用紫外光(365 nm)引发环氧单体的阳离子开环反应,可以实现具有异质和局部可控机械性能的3D打印物体。

6. 应用领域

阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂凭借其优异的性能,在多个工业领域得到了广泛应用:

  • 涂料: 阳离子光固化技术广泛应用于涂料行业,为各种基材提供耐磨、耐腐蚀和美观的涂层。EB固化的阳离子环氧涂层可以在短时间内制备,具有良好的机械性能和无残余未反应环氧官能团,对涂料行业具有重要意义。
  • 胶黏剂: 阳离子环氧胶黏剂因其低收缩、高附着力和快速固化等优点,在结构胶黏剂和电子封装领域表现出巨大潜力。
  • 印刷油墨: 快速固化特性使得阳离子环氧体系非常适合高速印刷应用,能够提高生产效率并减少溶剂排放。
  • 释放涂层: 用于制造易剥离的涂层,例如在标签和包装行业。
  • 立体光刻(Stereolithography): 阳离子光聚合技术可用于3D打印领域,通过逐层光固化构建复杂的三维物体。双波长固化技术在3D打印中可以实现具有局部可控机械性能的异质结构。
  • 全息记录: 阳离子环氧体系在全息记录介质中具有应用潜力,因为它们可以形成具有良好光学透明度和尺寸稳定性的聚合物。
  • 光固化复合材料: 作为复合材料的基体树脂,阳离子环氧树脂能够提供优异的力学性能和耐久性。
  • 微电子光刻胶: 在微电子制造中,阳离子光引发剂用于生产高分辨率的光刻胶,从而实现精细图案的制造。
  • 防腐蚀保护: 阳离子环氧树脂涂层,特别是通过电沉积技术制备的涂层,在石油管道钢等材料的防腐蚀保护方面显示出积极作用。
  • 实时固化监测: 新型荧光探针(如1-(9-乙基咔唑-3-基)-4,4,4-三氟丁烷-1,3-二酮)可用于实时监测阳离子光聚合的交联过程,这对于优化固化工艺和提高产品质量非常重要。

7. 挑战与未来发展

尽管阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂具有许多优势,但在其广泛应用和进一步发展中仍面临一些挑战和机遇:

  • 固化速率: 尽管阳离子聚合具有快速固化的特点,但与自由基丙烯酸酯体系相比,电子束引发的阳离子环氧体系的聚合速率相对较慢,这阻碍了其广泛应用。未来的研究需要进一步探索如何提高阳离子聚合的速率,例如通过新型引发剂的设计、协同引发体系的开发或优化固化条件。
  • 引发剂毒性与安全性: 尽管阳离子单体通常毒性较低,但一些传统的阳离子光引发剂可能存在毒性问题。开发更安全、更环保的引发剂,例如低毒性或无毒的 oxa盐衍生物,是一个重要的研究方向。
  • 厚度固化深度: 传统UV光固化技术在固化厚样品时存在局限性,因为UV光穿透深度有限。闭模光固化系统(如侧发光光纤技术)和UV引发前沿聚合是解决这一问题的有效途径,未来需要进一步优化这些技术以提高固化效率和均匀性。
  • 结构-性能关系: 深入理解引发剂的分子结构、固化条件和聚合物网络特性之间的关系,对于按需设计高性能环氧涂层至关重要。这需要结合先进的表征技术,如差示扫描量热法(DSC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、固态核磁共振(NMR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等,来全面分析固化过程和材料性能。
  • 生物基和无BPA体系: 随着对环境友好和可持续材料需求的增长,开发替代传统双酚A环氧树脂的生物基单体,并在温和条件下实现高效固化,是未来研究的重点。
  • 多功能化: 赋予阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂更多功能,例如自修复、导电、阻燃或抗菌等特性,将进一步拓宽其应用范围。例如,将氟化超支化聚合物作为添加剂,可以提高材料的疏水性、硬度以及对腐蚀性溶剂的防护能力。
  • 实时监测与智能控制: 发展更先进的实时监测技术,如荧光探针技术,可以更好地理解和控制固化过程,从而实现更智能化的生产和更精确的性能调控。

8. 结论

阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂凭借其独特的固化机制和优异的性能,已成为高性能材料领域的重要组成部分。无氧抑制、低收缩、高附着力以及优异的机械和化学性能使其在多个工业领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。随着对新型引发剂、先进固化技术(如闭模光固化、电子束固化和双波长固化)以及环保生物基体系的不断探索,阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂的性能将得到进一步提升,应用范围也将持续扩展。未来的研究应致力于解决固化速率、引发剂安全性、厚度固化深度等挑战,并深入理解结构-性能关系,以推动阳离子环氧树脂胶黏剂迈向更广泛、更可持续的未来。

References

1UV and Thermal Cure Epoxy AdhesivesOpenAlex

Chun-Fu Chen, Bin Li, Chao Wang, et al.
Typical commercial UV and thermal cure epoxy adhesives have been reviewed and compared. UV cure cationic epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and cationic photoinitiator. UV cationic epoxy adhesives have no surface cure issue and possess low cure shrinkage and good adhesion performance but need post-thermal cure to achieve full adhesion performance in use. Hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of acrylate monomer, free radical photoinitiator, epoxy resin and curing agent. The hybrid epoxy adhesives combine fast UV curability of acrylate composition and high adhesion performance of thermal cure epoxy composition. A new type initiator free hybrid one-component UV and thermal cure adhesive has been also introduced. It is mainly composed of maleimide compound, acrylic monomer, partially acrylated epoxy resin, epoxy resin and latent curing agent. Its UV cure and thermal cure behaviour have been studied by FT-IR spectroscopy measurement.

2Advances in cationic photopolymerizationOpenAlex

Marco Sangermano
This review discusses cationic UV-curing processes of vinyl ethers, propenyl ethers, and epoxy monomers. Cationic photopolymerization based on photogeneration of acid from onium salts induced by UV light and consecutive polymerization initiated by photogenerated acid was first proposed at the end of the 1970s. The process engendered high interest both in academia and in industry. Cationic photoinduction presents some advantages over comparable radical-mediated processes, particularly the absence of inhibition by oxygen, low shrinkage, and good adhesion, and mechanical properties of the UV-cured materials. Moreover, the monomers employed are generally less toxic and irritant than acrylates and methacrylates, which are widely used in radical photopolymerization. In this overview, particular emphasis is given to our recent contributions to the field of cationic photopolymerization for different classes of monomers.

3Development of a photocuring system for cationic epoxy formulations using side emitting optical fibresOpenAlex

Ammar Al-Obaidani
Photocuring of polymers and polymer composites, from epoxy resin based formulations, has been of growing interest over the past two decades. The photocuring occurs when an epoxy formulation is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, usually ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This process has been explored widely and it can be described as an open mould process by which the epoxy formulation is exposed directly to the radiation. However, for a closed mould process, thermal curing, rather than radiation curing, typically is employed. The potential of using photocuring for a closed mould process has not yet been investigated in detail. The challenge in photocuring of polymers and polymer composites in a closed mould is directing the radiation into the mould to activate the photocuring process, which is not possible using the conventional methods. Hence, for this reason the present work is focused on the development of a closed mould photocuring system using side emitting optical fibres.\n\nThis photocuring system using side emitting optical fibres relies upon the optimisation of epoxy based resins. As a result, an extensive characterisation of different types of UV curable cationic epoxy resins is carried out using two pre-formulated commercial resins, formulations from bisphenol A/F, and formulations from cycloaliphatic epoxy. The formulations showed different reactivity and hardness. An important result is that the cycloaliphatic epoxy resin formulations cured much faster than the other bisphenol A/F formulations, having a more uniform hardness distribution and UV radiation transparency during the curing.\n\nSide emitting optical fibres are adopted to photocure epoxy in a closed mould. Different types of side emitting optical fibres are characterised to determine irradiation efficiency. The optical fibres had either a silica core or a PMMA core. The silica core fibres have a silicone cladding containing radiation scattering particles (either ZnO or Al2O3) and diffuser (either PA6 or ETFE). The PMMA core polymer optical fibres (PMMA POFs) have a PVDF cladding with micro-perforations as a side emission mechanism. Silica core fibres with the Al2O3 scattering particles and the PMMA core fibre are more suitable for the closed mould application as they transmitted efficiently in the UV radiation band. The high side emission characteristics of the PMMA POF compared to the silica core fibre showed higher potential for use in the closed mould photocuring process.\n\nAs the polymerisation speed is influenced by the amount of flux density of the radiation source, a high flux lamp (Hg lamp, 40 W/cm2) is coupled to the side emitting optical fibres. This lamp caused thermal degradation to the PMMA POF at the launch point when in use. A cooling device is made to minimise the thermal degradation generated by radiation absorption. After improving the optical transmission stability of the PMMA POF, its side emission is enhanced by various treatments, such as permanent modification of the fibre geometry with adjusted bend radii as well as by mechanically embedding silica scattering particles into the fibre and applying micro-cuts.\n\nThe developed, closed mould photocuring system consists of: enhanced side emitting PMMA POF, a cooling device, high emission Hg lamp, and a closed mould setup. 1.5 mm and 5 mm thick components, made from an optimised epoxy formulation (based on cycloaliphatic epoxy), are cured using the photocuring system. The 1.5 mm thick component (20 mm wide and 245 mm long) is cured in 45 minutes using a single PMMA POF treated with silica particles (side emission of ~81 % of the total launched emission). The 5 mm thick component (75 mm wide and 170 mm long) partly cured in 45 minutes by simultaneously using three PMMA POFs treated with silica particles and geometric modification (side emission of ~96 % of the total launched emission). This sample eventually cured with time (up to 36 hours) due to dark reaction. The efficiency of the developed closed mould photocuring system is validated by curing a 1.5 mm thick component made from a pre-formulated polyester resin formulation. This component cured in 7 minutes (30 mm wide and 245 mm long) using a single PMMA POF treated with silica particles.

4SOL-GEL / DIP COATING TECHNIQUE FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF PETROLEUM PIPELINE STEELOpenAlex

Mahmoud Agour, Mohamed K. Hassan, H. Abu El-Ainin, et al.
In the oil, gas and petrochemical industries the greatest costs are those associated with material failures due directly to corrosive-erosive degradation of surfaces and components of the pipelines. These results in the frequent repair and replacement of parts which accrues costs associated with loss in revenues in downtime and maintenance [1]. In the current study, a dip-coating method was exploited to provide a coating layer of epoxy resin on 316L and 304 stainless steel plate. Epoxy resin was converted to cationic tertiary type amine resin. This cationic epoxy resin, which contains ammonium group in the end of the polymer chain, was synthesized by ring-opening reaction of an epoxy resin with secondary amine in the presence of a proton donor. A layer of resin was successfully deposited on the stainless steel plates and physical properties of the layer were assessed. A detailed study aiming to obtain reliable information of coating properties was carried out. The electrochemical corrosion results showed that epoxy layer has a positive behavior on protections of stainless steels alloys at the early degradation time point. Scanning electron microscopy observation was also used to study the surface morphology before and after coating. Tafel extrapolation method and Tafel slope constants were used to calculate the polarization resistance.

5Electron beam-induced cationic polymerization drives structure and properties of epoxy coatingsOpenAlex

Tommaso Frison, Andrei Irlweg, Öykü Ergül, et al.
In the quest for sustainable yet high-performing coatings, Electron Beam-initiated cationic polymerizations of epoxy resins can advantageously combine the energy-efficient and highly productive features of EB curing to the desirable mechanical and chemical characteristics of epoxy coatings. Nevertheless, the relatively slow polymerization rate of EB cationic epoxy systems obstructs their widespread use compared to e.g. acrylate-functional resins polymerized by free radical mechanism. In this work, we report the preparation and characterization of a series of EB-cured cationic epoxy polymer coatings. We connect molecular properties (chemical structures of monomers and cationic initiators), curing conditions (EB irradiation parameters) and network characteristics, and show that epoxy coatings with good mechanical properties and no residual unreacted epoxy functionalities can be prepared in very short curing times without the need for thermal post-EBC treatments. Establishing structure–properties relationships in the cationic curing of commercially relevant epoxy resins represents a major first step towards a wider adoption of cationic curing technologies by the coating industry. • Cationic polymerization of two bifunctional epoxy monomers via Electron Beam Curing. • Monomer conversions >95 % from mild EBC conditions and no thermal post- processing. • Balance between crosslinking and network degradation driving formation process. • Coating mechanical properties steered by employed EBC conditions.

6New Horizons in Cationic PhotopolymerizationOpenAlex

Marco Sangermano, Ignazio Roppolo, Annalisa Chiappone
In this review, we report some recent advances and new horizons in UV-induced cationic photopolymerization. In particular, after a brief introduction on the discovery and affirmation of the cationic photopolymerization process, new efforts in the synthesis of cationic photoinitiators are reported. Subsequently, an interesting and absolutely new application is reported, related to the combination of Radical-Induced Cationic Photopolymerization with Frontal Polymerization, achieving the cross-linking of epoxy composites.

7Diaryliodonium Salts. A New Class of Photoinitiators for Cationic PolymerizationOpenAlex

James V. Crivello, J. H. W. Lam
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiaryliodonium Salts. A New Class of Photoinitiators for Cationic PolymerizationJ. V. Crivello and J. H. W. LamCite this: Macromolecules 1977, 10, 6, 1307–1315Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60060a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60060a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3161Altmetric-Citations577LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

8Epoxy curing in mild and eco-friendly conditions: Towards bisphenol A-free systemsOpenAlex

Valentine Lavaux, Jacques Lalevée
Epoxy resins rank among the most significantly used thermosets, showing high thermal and mechanical properties. Unfortunately, current polymerization processes to reach these properties are energy-intensive, characterized by high temperatures and long processing duration. Addressing this problem, recent years have witnessed the emergence of curing methods under mild and ecofriendly conditions, aligning with societal and ecological challenges. Mild conditions were delineated in this review as a polymerization without solvent and at temperatures not exceeding 80 °C. This work highlights three methods, by focusing on research works from 2015 to date: i) polyadditions via step-growth ring opening polymerization, ii) photopolymerization leading to homopolymerization of bio-based monomers and iii) redox polymerization achieved through the release of cations or acidic protons species, initiating the cationic polymerization. In the context of ecofriendly conditions, the replacement of bisphenol-A present in many epoxy monomers is also a huge challenge to keep both good mechanical properties and fast polymerization kinetics. In this context, this review aims at underlining the increasing importance of epoxy curing under mild conditions, in possible combination with bio-based monomers for bisphenol-A replacement and to guide both researchers and industries to explore and develop new curing systems.

9Influence of the initiating mechanism on the cationic photopolymerization of a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with arylsulfonium saltsOpenAlex

Xavier Fernández‐Francos, Josep María Salla, A. Cadenato, et al.
Abstract The photocuring process of widely used 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3′,4′‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate has been investigated with differential scanning photocalorimetry and attenuated total reflection/Fourier transform infrared. Mixed salts of triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate have been employed as the photoinitiator. The photocuring of the biscycloaliphatic resins exhibits a complex behavior: the overall heat of reaction (including dynamic thermal postcuring) depends on the photocuring temperature, surprisingly high reaction rates are observed at lower photocuring temperatures, and the range of the glass transition of the fully cured material broadens and shifts to higher temperatures as the photocuring temperature increases. It is assumed that the balance between the initiation step and the propagation step is responsible for the changes in the reaction mechanism that produce the observed experimental results. This balance may depend on the amount of the photoinitiator, the irradiation intensity, and the photocuring temperature. The structure and final properties of the material may therefore depend on the adjustment of these parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 16–25, 2007

10The discovery and development of onium salt cationic photoinitiatorsOpenAlex

James V. Crivello
The story of the discovery and development of onium salt photoinitiators for cationic polymerization is chronicled. The chemistry of the synthesis of these compounds is outlined, and the mechanisms of their initiation are discussed briefly. Among the most useful of these types of photoinitiators are diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salts, which are used widely for photoinduced cationic crosslinking reactions. From the very beginning, onium salt photoinitiated cationic polymerizations have found use in a multitude of practical applications. Specifically discussed in this article are the use of onium salts in coatings, adhesives, printing inks, release coatings, stereolithography, holographic recording, photocurable composites, and microelectronic photoresists. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4241–4254, 1999

11Electro-deposition of resin-modified water-based hydrophobic silane on HDG steel for corrosion protectionOpenAlex

Dingchuan Xue
Many past studies by scientists, especially Van Ooij and his research group at the University of Cincinnati, have demonstrated that organo-functional silanes have equivalent and even better corrosion performance than the toxic chromate.Chromate is being replaced because its toxic nature found lately and its usage is also being limited by government.Organo-functional silanes have outstanding corrosion protection performance over conventional chromate in many ways, such as metal pretreatment, passivation as well as paint adhesion.However, there are also disadvantages about organo-functional silanes.Generally, silane solution treatments are mainly executed by immersion or spraying, and this does not provide a uniform film; secondly, most of silane hydrolysis environment contain volatile solvent, especially when excellent hydrophobic silanes are being hydrolyzed, and this can be concerned as the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) release into the environment.In this work, completely water-based cationic epoxy-resin-ester modified hydrophobic BTSE silane solution coated by cathodic electro-deposition was tried on an easily corroded substrate of hot-dipped galvanized steel.In previous research and studies, electro-deposition has been shown to provide more uniform and organized silane films on aluminum than immersion.In the following study, various silane and resin ratios were tested and optimized with different electro-deposition current, curing time, aging time and effect of adding corrosion inhibitor and addition of nano-particle filler of carbon black.The optimized system on HDG has been characterized by electro-chemical, surface and interface tests.Performance tests of SST, EIS, and DCP all agree that the optimized system displayed a much more corrosion protective characteristic by electro-deposition than by immersion.Characterization by FTIR showed a more

12Regulating Cationic Polymerization of Difunctional Epoxy Resin through Structural Variations of the Thermal InitiatorOpenAlex

Jinhyeong Kim, Seungjun Kim, Seung Kun Choi, et al.
The cationic polymerization of epoxides facilitates the rapid cross-linking of epoxy resins, increasing their effectiveness for packaging and adhesive applications and efficiency of their manufacturing. However, the reaction conditions, such as temperature, should be adjusted, and the polymerization behaviors should be modulated to meet the demands for resin products and, consequently, broaden the application of epoxy resins. This study investigated the influence of structural variations in sulfonium-type initiators on thermal cationic polymerization. We prepared 47 different thermally activatable initiators by combining four designed sulfonium-type cations with varying aromatic ring substituents and 13 anions categorized by their central charge-bearing atoms. We evaluated the polymerization and cross-linking activities of the initiators with bis[4-(glycidyloxy)phenyl]methane. The structural variations of the anions had a larger influence on polymerization than that of the cations. Specifically, polymerization required higher thermal energy and reaction temperatures with stronger ionic interactions between the anion and cation. The delocalization of negative or positive charges by the substituted groups on both ions and steric hindrance affected the ionic interactions. Finally, various initiators facilitated fine-tuning of the initiation temperature to 53–139 °C for epoxy resin production. The thermal behaviors were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, including the kick-off temperature, peak temperature, and reaction enthalpy. Therefore, we elucidated cationic polymerization based on the chemical structure of the initiator, which can be used to achieve a high-performance, on-demand curable epoxy-based system.

13A Review on Modeling Cure Kinetics and Mechanisms of PhotopolymerizationOpenAlex

Margit Lang, Stefan Hirner, Frank Wiesbrock, et al.
Photopolymerizations, in which the initiation of a chemical-physical reaction occurs by the exposure of photosensitive monomers to a high-intensity light source, have become a well-accepted technology for manufacturing polymers. Providing significant advantages over thermal-initiated polymerizations, including fast and controllable reaction rates, as well as spatial and temporal control over the formation of material, this technology has found a large variety of industrial applications. The reaction mechanisms and kinetics are quite complex as the system moves quickly from a liquid monomer mixture to a solid polymer. Therefore, the study of curing kinetics is of utmost importance for industrial applications, providing both the understanding of the process development and the improvement of the quality of parts manufactured via photopolymerization. Consequently, this review aims at presenting the materials and curing chemistry of such ultrafast crosslinking polymerization reactions as well as the research efforts on theoretical models to reproduce cure kinetics and mechanisms for free-radical and cationic photopolymerizations including diffusion-controlled phenomena and oxygen inhibition reactions in free-radical systems.

14Alkoxy‐substituted diaryliodonium salt cationic photoinitiatorsOpenAlex

James V. Crivello, J. L. Lee
Abstract This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a series of (4‐alkoxyphenyl)phenyliodonium salts which are excellent photo‐ and thermal‐initiators for the cationic polymerization of vinyl and heterocyclic monomers. These compounds are easily prepared by straightforward synthetic techniques and display very good solubility and photoresponse characteristics which make them especially attractive for use in UV curing applications. Those compounds with alkoxy chains of eight carbons and longer are essentially nontoxic.

15Dual‐Wavelength Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing with Hybrid Acrylate‐Epoxy Resins: Influence of Resin Composition on Microstructure and Mechanical PropertiesOpenAlex

Ines Cazin, Kateřina Plevová, Walter Alabiso, et al.
Dual‐wavelength vat photopolymerization 3D printing represents a convenient technology for the fabrication of objects with heterogeneous and locally controlled mechanical properties. By using two λ ‐orthogonal cross‐linking reactions, it is possible to produce soft and stiff photopolymers with a single resin vat by switching the light source. Herein, hybrid acrylate‐epoxy resins are selectively cured by using either visible or UV light. At 405 nm, a free radical curing of the acrylate monomers is induced while irradiation with 365 nm triggers an additional cationic ring opening reaction of the epoxy monomer yielding interpenetrating photopolymer networks. In a comprehensive approach, the influence of the resin composition and the applied wavelength on cure kinetics, film morphology, (thermo)mechanical properties, and printability are studied. Fully separated as well as homogenous network morphologies are obtained depending on the ratio between acrylate and epoxy monomers, cure rate and applied light source (405 vs 365 nm). In general, glass transition temperature, stiffness, and tensile strength of the photopolymers increase with rising epoxy content. In contrast, a higher epoxy concentration in combination with a higher amount of the cationic photoinitiator compromises on the system's orthogonality, giving rise to the important role of the resin composition in dual‐wavelength vat photopolymerization 3D printing.

16Synthesis of Fluorinated Hyperbranched Polymers and Their Use as Additives in Cationic PhotopolymerizationOpenAlex

Marco Sangermano, Anna Di Gianni, Roberta Maria Bongiovanni, et al.
Abstract Summary: A fluorine containing hyperbranched polymer was synthesized by modifying an aromatic‐aliphatic hyperbranched polyester with a semifluorinated alcohol via a Mitsunobu reaction and was subsequently used as an additive in cationic photopolymerization of an epoxy resin. The remaining OH groups of the fluorinated hyperbranched polymer interact with the polymeric carbocation through a chain‐transfer mechanism inducing an increase in the final epoxy conversion. The fluorinated HBP induces modification of bulk and surface properties, with an increase in T g and surface hydrophobicity already reached at very low concentration. The HBFP additive can, therefore, protect the coatings from aggressive solvents, increases hardness, and allows the preparation of a low energy surface coating. Synthesis of fluorinated hyperbranched polyester. magnified image Synthesis of fluorinated hyperbranched polyester.

17UV‐ignited frontal polymerization of an epoxy resinOpenAlex

Alberto Mariani, Simone Bidali, Stefano Fiori, et al.
Abstract By combining frontal polymerization and radical‐induced cationic polymerization, it was possible to cure thick samples of an epoxy monomer bleached by UV light. The effect of the relative amounts of cationic photoinitiator and radical initiator was thoroughly investigated and was related to the front's velocity and its maximum temperature. The materials obtained were characterized by quantitative conversion also in the deeper layers, not reached by UV light. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2066–2072, 2004

18Application of a carbazole derivative as a spectroscopic fluorescent probe for real time monitoring of cationic photopolymerizationOpenAlex

Joanna Ortyl, Mateusz Galica, Roman Popielarz, et al.
Abstract The performance of 1-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione (1) as a fluorescent probe for the monitoring of cationic photopolymerization processes by Fluorescence Probe Technique (FPT) has been evaluated in comparison with the response of 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (Coumarin 1) (2). Triethylene glycol divinyl ether and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate were used as an example monomer and a cationic photoinitiator respectively. It has been found that the probe 1 withstands the cationic polymerization conditions and provides correct probe response. 1-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione shifts its fluorescence spectrum with progress of cationic photopolymerization of the monomer, which enables the monitoring of the polymerization progress using the fluorescence intensity ratio measured at two different wavelengths as the progress indicator. By comparing the behavior of 1 and 2, it has been documented that the fluorescence spectrum of probe 1 shows a spectacular hypsochromic shift (Δλ = 33 nm) upon the monomer polymerization, while the shift of 2 is three times smaller (Δλ = 11 nm). Moreover, the sensitivity of probe 1 is more than 2.5-times higher than that of any other probes suitable for monitoring cationic polymerization processes, reported previously. Therefore, application of the carbazole derivative (1) as a new probe for the monitoring of the crosslinking process of coatings cured by cationic photopolymerization has been proposed.

19Solid state NMR investigation of cationic polymerized epoxy resinsOpenAlex

Norbert Egger, Klaus Schmidt‐Rohr, Bernhard Blümich, et al.
Abstract Cationic UV‐polymerized resins, based on cycloaliphatic epoxides with aryl sulfonium salts as photoinitiators and polypropylene glycols of variable length as flexibilizers, have been investigated with respect to the network‐forming reactions and the morphology of the resulting polymers. The combination of UV‐curing and thermal postcure makes the chemical process complex and dependent on many variables, such as photoinitiator, exposure time, reaction temperature, and polyol components. Structure and curing of the epoxide were investigated by 13 C CPMAS NMR. Morphology and domain sizes were studied by spin diffusion experiments using the novel “dipolar filter” technique for selective magnetization of mobile components.

20Photoinitiated cationic polymerization with triarylsulfonium saltsOpenAlex

James V. Crivello, J. H. W. Lam
Abstract Triarylsulfonium salts Ar 3 S + MX with complex metal halide anions such as BF , AsF , PF , and SbF are a new class of highly efficient photoinitiators for cationic polymerization. In this article we describe several synthetic routes to the preparation of these compounds along with their physical and spectroscopic properties. Mechanistic studies have shown that when these compounds are irradiated at wavelengths of 190–365 nm carbon–sulfur bond cleavage occurs to form radical fragments. At the same time the strong Br∅︁nsted acid HMX n , which is the active initiator of cationic polymerization that takes place in subsequent “dark” steps, is also produced. A study of the parameters that affect the photolysis of triarylsulfonium salts is reported with a measurement of the absolute quantum yields. The cationic polymerizations of four typical monomers—styrene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, and 2‐chloroethyl vinyl ether—with triarylsulfonium salt photoinitiators are described.
内容由 AI 生成,仅供参考,请仔细甄别