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  3. 高速气涡轮手机临床应用与器械选择:综合文献分析

高速气涡轮手机临床应用与器械选择:综合文献分析

文献检索匿名用户发表于 2026年07月02日 09:002阅读
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帮我在全世界学术数据库找出所有高速气涡轮手机High-speed air turbine handpieces临床文献

高速气涡轮手机(High-speed air turbine handpieces)在牙科临床实践中被广泛应用,涉及多个方面,包括其性能、维护、感染预防、治疗效果以及在不同治疗方案中的应用。以下是对相关临床文献的综合分析:

1. 高速气涡轮手机的性能与维护

高速气涡轮手机的性能和耐用性是临床医生选择和使用时的重要考量。一项研究对九种市售高速气涡轮牙科手机在模拟临床使用和灭菌1000次后的性能进行了调查。研究测量了10个与临床性能相关的参数,包括寿命、功率、涡轮转速、光纤传输、偏心率、噪音、卡盘性能、可见角度、咬合间隙和水冷却喷雾模式。结果显示,在基线时,所有参数在不同型号之间都存在显著差异。总体而言,从基线到1000次循环,手机普遍表现出更大的偏心率和降低的光纤性能。寿命数据分析也揭示了不同手机型号之间的显著差异。研究结论指出,没有一个手机型号在所有评估参数上都优于其他型号。然而,所有评估的型号预计都能在至少500次临床使用/灭菌后正常工作,如果维护得当,大约可以使用一年。这项研究强调了临床医生需要识别那些能够承受重复热灭菌而不丧失性能或寿命的手机,以帮助他们选择符合其需求的手机型号。

2. 高速气涡轮手机在感染预防中的作用

牙科手机在临床使用中存在交叉污染的风险,因此感染预防至关重要。一项研究评估了一种新型牙科防交叉污染装置——空气冲洗清洁系统(Air Flushing Clean System, AFCS)的功效。在实验条件下,将带有或不带AFCS的牙科气涡轮手机用金黄色葡萄球菌FDA209P和变形链球菌ATCC25175两种细菌菌株进行污染。结果显示,在不使用牙科真空抽吸的情况下,使用AFCS并用70%乙醇纱布擦拭手机,可使金黄色葡萄球菌的数量减少99%。更换已高压灭菌的手机后,空气/水管线中未检测到细菌污染。在使用AFCS和牙科真空抽吸的情况下,空气/水管线以及手机内部均未检测到细菌污染。这些结果表明,无论是否使用牙科真空抽吸,AFCS都能比传统手机更有效地减少气涡轮手机内部的细菌污染。

此外,牙科专业人员在工作中与患者密切接触,存在增加SARS-CoV-2人际传播的风险。超声波洁牙机、气水枪以及慢速和高速手机等在牙科诊所中常用的器械都会产生飞溅和气溶胶。有研究提出,术前漱口水可以降低唾液和口咽组织中的病毒载量,从而减少牙科气溶胶中的病毒载量。虽然一些漱口水表现出抗病毒作用,但关于任何漱口水在减少牙科气溶胶中SARS-CoV-2方面的临床疗效的证据有限。目前正在探讨漱口水是否能减少口咽及其液体中的SARS-CoV-2病毒载量,从而降低牙科气溶胶中的病毒载量,并建议进行体外和临床研究来评估这一假设。如果该假设成立,牙科专业人员和患者可能会从常规使用术前漱口水中受益。

3. 高速气涡轮手机在牙髓治疗中的应用

高速手机在牙髓治疗,特别是活髓治疗中发挥着重要作用。活髓治疗旨在治疗可逆性牙髓损伤,包括深龋的间接盖髓治疗以及牙髓暴露情况下的直接盖髓或活髓切断术。

  • 直接盖髓 (DPC): 一项临床试验比较了矿物三氧化物聚合物 (MTA)、生物活性水泥 (Biodentine) 和蜂胶在人类牙髓直接盖髓治疗中的临床和组织学反应。研究纳入了41颗因正畸需要拔除的前磨牙,患者年龄在15至25岁之间。其中5颗牙齿被随机分为阴性对照组。其余牙齿在高速手机带气水喷雾机械暴露牙髓后,随机分为三个实验组(每组12颗)。暴露区域分别用MTA、Biodentine或蜂胶覆盖,并在盖髓剂上方应用玻璃离子作为垫底,最后用复合树脂修复。患者在2个月后进行临床和影像学检查以及牙髓活力测试,然后拔除牙齿。组织切片评估炎症的存在和严重程度、牙本质桥的形成和连续性。结果显示,MTA组的临床成功率为100%,蜂胶组和Biodentine组均为91.7%。所有实验组的牙髓炎症存在和严重程度以及牙本质桥的形成相似(p > 0.05)。MTA组和Biodentine组的牙本质桥形成相似,且高于蜂胶组。MTA组的牙本质桥连续性显著高于Biodentine组和蜂胶组(p < 0.05)。研究结论认为,MTA、Biodentine和蜂胶在直接盖髓治疗中效果相同。 另一项研究指出,高速手机或激光的使用可能导致“正常”牙髓的暴露,而这种暴露在其他情况下可能不会发生。

  • 活髓切断术: 甲醛甲酚(Formocresol)一直是乳牙活髓切断术中常用的药物,并且仍然是乳牙最普遍教授的牙髓治疗方法。然而,人们对其在人类中使用提出了担忧,并提出了几种替代方案。对照临床研究经过严格审查后,认为矿物三氧化物聚合物和三硫酸铁是甲醛甲酚在乳牙暴露牙髓活髓切断术中的合适替代品。在大多数已审查的研究中,没有描述龋齿移除方法。

4. 高速气涡轮手机在第三磨牙拔除术中的应用

在阻生下颌第三磨牙拔除术中,高速和慢速手机的选择对术后结果的影响是一个重要的临床问题。一项研究比较了使用外部灌注慢速手术手机(30,000 rpm)和外部灌注高速手术手机(90,000 rpm)拔除阻生下颌第三磨牙的术后结果。该研究纳入了100名双侧阻生第三磨牙患者,其中53人完成了研究。每位患者作为自己的对照。实验侧使用30,000 rpm的电动旋转钻进行治疗,对照侧使用相同的钻系统但配备90,000 rpm的手机进行治疗,以避免外科医生惯用手引入的偏倚。患者对钻速不知情,并在术后七天内填写了标准化的疼痛/肿胀问卷。数据分析结果显示,在疼痛程度、肿胀或并发症方面,慢速钻与高速器械相比没有统计学上的显著差异。研究结论认为,在使用慢速或高速器械拔除阻生第三磨牙时,术后结果没有差异,钻类型的选择应完全由操作者的偏好决定。

5. 高速气涡轮手机与Er:YAG激光在儿童龋齿移除中的比较

在儿童龋齿移除方面,传统牙科涡轮机(高速气涡轮手机)与Er:YAG激光的临床疗效被进行了比较。一项研究纳入了78名5至10岁儿童,他们均患有两颗对称的上颌磨牙龋齿。同一儿童的不同患龋侧被随机分为对照侧和观察侧。对照侧的龋齿采用传统牙科涡轮机治疗,而观察侧则采用Er:YAG激光治疗。研究评估了两种方法在龋齿移除过程中麻醉剂的使用、疼痛水平、牙齿过敏以及牙齿骨折的发生和严重程度。此外,还观察了儿童的临床焦虑和合作行为。记录了两种方法龋齿移除和窝洞预备所需的时间,并在一年随访后评估了治疗成功率。结果显示,使用Er:YAG激光显著减少了麻醉剂的使用、疼痛以及牙齿过敏的发生率和严重程度(p < 0.05)。两组之间牙齿骨折的发生率没有显著差异(p > 0.05)。接受Er:YAG激光治疗的儿童表现出更好的临床焦虑水平和合作行为。然而,Er:YAG激光窝洞预备所需的时间更长(p < 0.05)。12个月随访后,两组之间的治疗成功率没有显著差异(p > 0.05)。研究结论认为,与传统牙科涡轮机相比,Er:YAG激光在儿童龋齿治疗中提高了治疗舒适度和合作性,并减少了术中麻醉剂的需求。

6. 高速气涡轮手机与其他牙科器械的比较

  • 根管预备器械: 在牙髓治疗中,连续旋转器械与往复式器械的根管预备效果及术后疼痛(PP)存在差异。一项荟萃分析纳入了3项随机临床试验,共1317名患者,其中659名患者采用往复式器械治疗,658名患者采用旋转器械治疗。结果显示,往复式组有139名患者报告PP,旋转组有172名患者报告PP。PP发生率的比值比为1.27,95%置信区间为(0.25, 6.52),倾向于旋转器械。轻度、中度、重度PP水平的比值比分别为0.31 (0.11, 0.84)、2.24 (0.66, 7.59) 和11.71 (0.63, 218.15)。没有发现发表偏倚的证据。研究结论认为,牙髓治疗中选择旋转器械与PP发生率较低相关,而往复式器械与轻度PP发生率较低相关。 另一项前瞻性随机双盲试验比较了ProTaper Ultimate (PTU) 和ProTaper Gold (PTG) 两种镍钛旋转牙髓系统在坏死上颌前磨牙中的术后疼痛和细菌减少情况。PTU采用平行四边形横截面几何形状,而PTG采用凸三角形横截面。研究发现,PTU组在术后即刻、12小时、24小时和48小时的术后疼痛显著高于PTG组(p<0.05),PTU组需要止痛药的可能性是PTG组的3.45倍。在器械预备后和最终次氯酸钠冲洗后,PTU的细菌减少量均显著低于PTG(p<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,两组的细菌减少量与疼痛评分之间没有显著关联。研究结论认为,PTG由于其凸三角形横截面以及较低的转速和扭矩,与PTU的平行四边形横截面相比,导致较低的术后疼痛强度、较少的止痛需求和统计学上更高的细菌减少量。

  • 牙周探针和X光片: 牙周探诊附着水平测量和口内X光片用于评估牙周炎诊断中临床附着水平和骨支持的程度。这些牙齿支持的物理测量共同构成了衡量新诊断测试的标准。由于探诊和X光片提供了特定时间点附着或骨量损失严重程度的测量,因此必须比较系列测量才能确定牙周炎是否进展。牙周探诊可以通过手动或使用受控力电子仪器进行。分辨率根据仪器不同,从1.0毫米到0.1毫米不等。探诊力、尖端大小和形状、尖端放置位置、附着水平探诊的检测或参考标志、牙龈炎症程度和转录的差异都可能对准确性产生不利影响。电子探针提供了更高的分辨率、力控制和自动记录的优势,但关于重复性和准确性方面的优势,文献存在不一致。牙槽骨吸收的X光评估可以通过目视判读、测量或数字图像分析实现。虽然对非标准化X光片的目视判读对骨骼变化不敏感,但当使用计算机化方法时,标准化X光片可以测量0.2毫米左右的变化。数字减影X光片等新技术可以检测到肉眼无法看到的微小骨骼变化,并且在检测小于10毫克的骨骼变化方面具有超过95%的敏感性和特异性。 临床附着水平的测量已成为判断牙周治疗临床反应的标准。为了解决获取此测量值的局限性,开发了多种探诊方法和仪器。第一代仪器包括传统牙周探针;第二代探针采用受控力;第三代探针结合了自动化测量、受控力和计算机化数据采集。已使用各种类型的支架,并提出了重复测量技术以减少检查员误差。受控力探针似乎在提高检查员间重复性方面具有最大优势。使用测量支架可提高检查员间和检查员内可靠性。然而,此类支架的使用可能仅限于有限持续时间的小样本研究。第三代仪器在自动化测量和数据采集、提高分辨率和更连续的测量标度方面具有优势,但不一定导致检查员内或检查员间可靠性的提高。检查员培训和校准对于任何测量仪器都至关重要。是否使用特定仪器的决定必须基于每个临床试验的需求。目前,市售仪器都无法解决临床附着测量固有的所有局限性。

7. 高速气涡轮手机在牙科工作中的人体工程学考量

牙科行业是工作相关肌肉骨骼疾病(WMSD)高发职业,症状往往早在学生阶段就开始出现。有研究提出了物理、认知和组织领域的人体工程学干预措施,以预防WMSD的发生,但其效果的证据尚不明确。一项系统评价发现,仅有非常低质量的证据表明,多方面干预(包括人体工程学知识和培训、工作站改造、工作站人体工程学培训和调查以及定期锻炼计划)与未干预相比,在六个月内对牙医大腿或足部WMSD的风险没有明显影响。这项研究存在多处缺陷和统计分析错误。另一项研究提供了低质量证据,表明在16周内使用轻质宽柄刮治器或较重窄柄刮治器进行洁治,肘部疼痛或肩部疼痛没有明显差异。目前尚无评估认知人体工程学干预或组织人体工程学干预有效性的研究。由于缺乏合适的可用研究以及现有研究的偏倚风险较高,对得出明确结论的能力受到限制。这篇综述强调了需要设计良好、实施良好、报告清晰的随机对照试验,并进行长期随访,以评估牙科保健医生WMSD的预防策略。虽然这些研究没有直接提及高速气涡轮手机的设计对WMSD的影响,但考虑到牙科手机是牙医日常操作中频繁使用的工具,其重量、平衡和振动等因素都可能对操作者的肌肉骨骼系统产生影响。

总结

高速气涡轮手机是牙科领域不可或缺的工具。在临床应用中,其性能、维护、感染控制、治疗效果和人体工程学等方面均需受到重视。尽管其在许多治疗中显示出与替代方法相似的疗效,但如在儿童龋齿移除中,Er:YAG激光在减少疼痛和提高患者依从性方面可能具有优势。在牙髓治疗中,对暴露牙髓进行直接盖髓时,MTA、Biodentine和蜂胶的效果相似,但MTA在牙本质桥的连续性上表现更优。在选择牙科器械时,临床医生需要综合考虑多种因素,包括器械的性能参数、患者的具体情况、预期的治疗效果以及操作者的个人偏好和人体工程学需求。对于高速气涡轮手机的进一步研究应侧重于提高其耐用性、优化感染控制措施,并探索如何通过器械设计和操作方法改进来降低操作者WMSD的风险。此外,需要更多高质量的随机对照试验来提供更明确的证据,以指导临床实践。

References

1Vital pulp therapy with new materials for primary teeth: new directions and Treatment perspectives.PubMed

Anna B Fuks
Vital pulp therapy aims to treat reversible pulpal injury and includes 2 therapeutic approaches: (1) indirect pulp treatment for deep dentinal cavities and (2) direct pulp capping or pulpotomy in cases of pulp exposure. Indirect pulp treatment is recommended as the most appropriate procedure for treating primary teeth with deep caries and reversible pulp inflammation, provided that this diagnosis is based on a good history, a proper clinical and radiographic examination, and that the tooth has been sealed with a leakage-free restoration. Formocresol has been a popular pulpotomy medicament in the primary dentition and is still the most universally taught pulp treatment for primary teeth. Concerns have been raised over the use of formocresol in humans, and several alternatives have been proposed. Controlled clinical studies have been critically reviewed, and mineral trioxide aggregate and ferric sulfate have been considered appropriate alternatives to formocresol for pulpotomies in primary teeth with exposed pulps. In most of the studies reviewed, the caries removal method has not been described. The use of a high-speed handpiece or laser might result in an exposure of a "normal" pulp that would otherwise not be exposed.

2Performance of high-speed dental handpieces subjected to simulated clinical use and sterilization.PubMed

D L Leonard, D G Charlton
BACKGROUND: The authors investigated the performance of nine commercially available high-speed air-turbine dental handpieces subjected to 1,000 simulated clinical uses and sterilizations. METHODS: Six new handpieces from each of nine different models were subjected to simulated clinical use with a custom-made handpiece wear tester and then autoclaved. Ten parameters related to clinical performance (longevity, power, turbine speed, fiberoptic transmission, eccentricity, noise, chuck performance, visibility angle, interocclusal clearance and water coolant spray pattern) were measured at baseline and after 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 use/sterilization cycles. RESULTS: Power, turbine speed, eccentricity and noise performance were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Turkey post hoc pairwise comparison tests at the .05 significance level. At baseline, significant differences were found between models for all of these parameters. In general, from baseline to 1,000 cycles, the handpieces exhibited greater eccentricity and reduced fiberoptic performance. Longevity data analyzed by using Gehan's generalized Wilcoxon test for comparison of survival distributions (alpha = .05) revealed significant differences between the handpiece models. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that no handpiece model is superior to the others in all parameters evaluated. All models evaluated can be expected to perform for at least 500 clinical use/sterilizations, or approximately one year, if properly maintained. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians need to be able to identify handpieces that can withstand repeated heat sterilization without loss of performance or longevity. The results of this study will aid clinicians in selecting handpiece models that meet their needs.

3Ergonomic interventions for preventing musculoskeletal disorders in dental care practitioners.PubMed

Priti Mulimani, Victor Cw Hoe, Melanie J Hayes, et al.
BACKGROUND: Dentistry is a profession with a high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) among practitioners, with symptoms often starting as early in the career as the student phase. Ergonomic interventions in physical, cognitive, and organisational domains have been suggested to prevent their occurrence, but evidence of their effects remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of ergonomic interventions for the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dental care practitioners. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO ProQuest, NIOSHTIC, NIOSHTIC-2, HSELINE, CISDOC (OSH-UPDATE), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal to August 2018, without language or date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and cluster RCTs, in which participants were adults, aged 18 and older, who were engaged in the practice of dentistry. At least 75% of them had to be free from musculoskeletal pain at baseline. We only included studies that measured at least one of our primary outcomes; i.e. physician diagnosed WMSD, self-reported pain, or work functioning. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three authors independently screened and selected 20 potentially eligible references from 946 relevant references identified from the search results. Based on the full-text screening, we included two studies, excluded 16 studies, and two are awaiting classification. Four review authors independently extracted data, and two authors assessed the risk of bias. We calculated the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals for dichotomous outcomes. We assessed the quality of the evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included two RCTs (212 participants), one of which was a cluster-randomised trial. Adjusting for the design effect from clustering, reduced the total sample size to 210. Both studies were carried out in dental clinics and assessed ergonomic interventions in the physical domain, one by evaluating a multi-faceted ergonomic intervention, which consisted of imparting knowledge and training about ergonomics, work station modification, training and surveying ergonomics at the work station, and a regular exercise program; the other by studying the effectiveness of two different types of instrument used for scaling in preventing WMSDs. We were unable to combine the results from the two studies because of the diversity of interventions and outcomes.Physical ergonomic interventions. Based on one study, there is very low-quality evidence that a multi-faceted intervention has no clear effect on dentists' risk of WMSD in the thighs (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.42; 102 participants), or feet (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.41; 102 participants) when compared to no intervention over a six-month period. Based on one study, there is low-quality evidence of no clear difference in elbow pain (MD -0.14, 95% CI -0.39 to 0.11; 110 participants), or shoulder pain (MD -0.32, 95% CI -0.75 to 0.11; 110 participants) in participants who used light weight curettes with wider handles or heavier curettes with narrow handles for scaling over a 16-week period.Cognitive ergonomic interventions. We found no studies evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive ergonomic interventions.Organisational ergonomic interventions. We found no studies evaluating the effectiveness of organisational ergonomic interventions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is very low-quality evidence from one study showing that a multi-faceted intervention has no clear effect on dentists' risk of WMSD in the thighs or feet when compared to no intervention over a six-month period. This was a poorly conducted study with several shortcomings and errors in statistical analysis of data. There is low-quality evidence from one study showing no clear difference in elbow pain or shoulder pain in participants using light weight, wider handled curettes or heavier and narrow handled curettes for scaling over a 16-week period.We did not find any studies evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive ergonomic interventions or organisational ergonomic interventions.Our ability to draw definitive conclusions is restricted by the paucity of suitable studies available to us, and the high risk of bias of the studies that are available. This review highlights the need for well-designed, conducted, and reported RCTs, with long-term follow-up that assess prevention strategies for WMSDs among dental care practitioners.

4Prevention of infection in dental procedures.PubMed

M Matsuyama, T Usami, K Masuda, et al.
The efficacy of a newly-developed anti-cross-contamination device in dentistry, the Air Flushing Clean System (AFCS), was tested under experimental and clinical conditions. In the experimental situation, a dental air turbine handpiece with or without AFCS was contaminated with two bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus FDA209P and Streptococcus mutants ATCC25175. After contamination with these bacteria, the handpieces were subjected to two disinfecting methods. Residual bacteria inside the handpiece or an air/water line were cultured and counted, and compared with controls. In this experiment, with AFCS but no dental vacuum suction, wiping of the handpiece with 70% ethanol gauze reduced the count of S. aureus by 99%. No bacterial contamination in the air/water line was detected after exchanging with an autoclaved handpiece. With AFCS and dental vacuum suction, bacterial contamination in the air/water line, as well as in the interior of the handpiece, was not detected. These results indicate that AFCS could reduce bacterial contamination within the air turbine handpiece more effectively than the conventional handpiece regardless of whether or not the dental vacuum suction was used.

5The use of periodontal probes and radiographs in clinical trials of diagnostic tests.PubMed

M S Reddy
Periodontal probing attachment level measurements and intraoral radiographs are used to assess the level of the clinical attachment and bone support in the diagnosis of periodontitis. Together these physical measurements of tooth support comprise the standard against which new diagnostic tests are compared. Since probing and radiographs provide a measure of the severity of attachment or bone loss at one point in time, serial measurements must be compared to determine whether periodontitis is progressive. Periodontal probing may be performed manually or by using controlled force electronic instruments. The resolution, depending on the instrument, will vary from 1.0 mm to 0.1 mm. Variations in probing force, size and shape of tip, location of tip placement, detection or reference landmarks for attachment level probing, degree of gingival inflammation, and transcription may adversely influence accuracy. Electronic probes offer the advantage of improved resolution, force control, and automatic recording, but the literature is inconsistent about the advantages in terms of repeatability and accuracy. Radiographic assessment of alveolar bone loss may be achieved by visual interpretation, measurement, or digital image analysis. While visual interpretation of unstandardized radiographs is insensitive to changes in bone, standardized radiographs can permit measurement of changes on the order of 0.2 mm when computerized methods are used. Newer techniques such as digital subtraction radiography permit detection of bony changes too small to be seen by the unaided eye and are over 95% sensitive and specific in detecting bony changes less than 10 mg.

6Handpiece speed and postoperative outcomes in third molar surgery.PubMed

John H Campbell, R Anthony Murray
OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to assess surgical outcomes when externally irrigated slow-speed surgical handpieces (30,000 rpm) were compared to externally irrigated high-speed handpieces (90,000 rpm) in the removal of impacted lower third molar teeth. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred patients with bilater ally impacted third molar s were enrolled in the study; 53 remained to completion. Each patient served as his/her own control. The experimental side was treated using a 30,000 rpm electric rotary drill incorporating irrigation, while the control side was treated using the same drill system, but with a 90,000 rpm handpiece. Drill speeds used were alternated between the right and left sides of patients to avoid bias introduced by the dominant hand of the surgeon. Patients were blinded to drill speed, and were asked to complete a standardized pain/swelling questionnaire for seven days immediately following surgery. Data was analyzed to determine differences in pain, swelling, and complications in relation to the drill type used. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in degree of pain, swelling, or complications when the slower drill was compared to the high-speed instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that there is no difference in postoperative outcome when impacted third molar teeth are removed with either slow- or high-speed instrumentation, and that the choice of the drill type should be determined solely by the preference of the operator.

7Measurement of attachment level in clinical trials: probing methods.PubMed

B L Pihlstrom
Measurement of clinical attachment level has become a standard for judging clinical response in periodontal therapy. A number of probing methods and instruments have been developed in an attempt to address limitations in obtaining this measurement. First generation instruments include conventional periodontal probes; second generation probes utilize controlled forces; and third generation probes incorporate automated measurement, controlled forces, and computerized data capture. Various types of stents have been used and repeated measurement techniques have been proposed to reduce examiner error. Controlled force probes appear to have their greatest advantage in increasing inter-examiner repeatability. The use of measurement stents increases inter- and intra-examiner reliability. However, use of such stents may be limited to small sample studies of limited duration. Third generation instruments offer advantages in terms of automated measurement and data capture, increased resolution, and a more continuous measurement scale, but do not necessarily result in increased intra- or inter-examiner reliability. Examiner training and calibration are essential for any measurement instrument. Decisions for or against use of a particular instrument must be made on the basis of the needs of each clinical trial. At the present time, no commercially available instrument resolves all of the inherent limitations of clinical measurement of attachment.

8Clinical and histological response of human pulp tissue to direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine and propolis.PubMed

Zahra Nasri, Maryam Zare Jahromi, Atousa Aminzadeh
BACKGROUND: This study clinically and histologically compared the human pulp response to direct pulp capping (DPC) with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, and propolis in 2 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this clinical trial evaluated 41 premolars candidate for extraction due to orthodontic purposes of patients between 15 and 25 years of age. A group of 5 was separated randomly as the negative control. The remaining teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 12 after mechanical exposure of the pulp by bur in high-speed handpiece under air and water spray. The exposed areas were capped with MTA, Biodentine, or propolis. Glass ionomer was applied as base over the cap. The teeth were restored with composite resin. Patients were recalled in 2 months for clinical and radiographic examinations and also pulp vitality test. Teeth were then extracted. Slides were prepared and tissue sections were evaluated for the presence and severity of inflammation, dentinal bridge, and continuity. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: The clinical success rate was 100% in the MTA and 91.7% in both the propolis and Biodentine groups. The presence and severity of pulpal inflammation and dentinal bridge formation were similar in all the experimental groups ( > 0.05). Dentinal bridge formation was similar in the MTA and Biodentine groups and was higher than in the propolis group. Continuation of dentinal bridge in the MTA group was significantly higher than that in the Biodentine and propolis groups ( < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MTA, Biodentine, and propolis are equally effective for DPC.

9Clinical application of Er:YAG laser and traditional dental turbine in caries removal in children.PubMed

Pinpin Xu, Cong Ren, Yinhua Jiang, et al.
This study compares the clinical efficacy of erbium-doped:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er:YAG) laser and traditional dental turbine in caries removal in children. The study cohort comprised 78 children aged 5 to 10 years with caries in two symmetrical maxillary molars. Different carious sides of the same child were randomly divided into control and observed sides. For each child, the caries on the control side were treated with a traditional dental turbine, while the observed side was treated with an Er:YAG laser. The study evaluated the use of anesthetics, pain levels, tooth hypersensitivity and the occurrence and severity of tooth fractures during caries removal with different methods. Additionally, the clinical anxiety and cooperative behavior of the children were observed. The time required for caries removal and cavity preparation by both methods was recorded, and the success rate of treatment was assessed after one year of follow-up. The results indicated a significant reduction in the use of anesthetics, pain and the incidence and severity of tooth hypersensitivity with the use of Er:YAG laser ( < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the occurrence of tooth fractures between the two groups ( > 0.05). The children treated with Er:YAG laser demonstrated better clinical anxiety levels and cooperative behavior. However, the time required for cavity preparation was longer with the use of Er:YAG laser ( < 0.05). After a 12-month follow-up, there was no significant difference in the success rate of treatment between the two groups ( > 0.05). In conclusion, compared to the traditional dental turbine, the use of Er:YAG laser improves treatment comfort and cooperation in children with caries and reduces the need for intraoperative anesthetics.

10Can preprocedural mouthrinses reduce SARS-CoV-2 load in dental aerosols?PubMed

Isabella Neme Ribeiro Reis, Guilherme Castro Lima Silva do Amaral, Aldrin André Huamán Mendoza, et al.
Dental professionals work closely with patients and present an increased risk of person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the use of ultrasonic scalers, air-water syringes, and slow and high-speed handpieces, which are common in the dental office, generate spatter and aerosol. The use of preprocedural mouthrinses has been proposed to reduce the viral load in saliva and oropharyngeal tissues, thus decreasing viral load in dental aerosol. Although some mouthrinses demonstrates an antiviral effect, there is limited evidence about the clinical efficacy of any mouthrinse in the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 in the dental aerosol. We hypothesized that mouthrinses may reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the oropharynx and its fluids reducing viral load in dental aerosol. The potential use of mouthrinses is discussed, along with proposal of in vitro and clinical studies, in order to evaluate this hypothesis. If this hypothesis holds true, dental professionals and patients may benefit from the routine use of preprocedural mouthrinses.

11Effect of different rotary instrument designs (protaper ultimate and protaper gold) on postoperative pain and bacterial reduction: a randomized clinical trial.PubMed

Khaled Hassan Abed, Ahmed Abdel Rahman Hashem, Reem Ahmed Lutfy, et al.
BACKGROUND: ProTaper Ultimate (PTU) is one of the recently introduced nickel–titanium rotary endodontic systems and possesses distinctive instrument design features characterized by a parallelogram cross-sectional geometry. This design is produced through an alternating offset machining process, resulting in a file whose center of mass is not aligned with its center of rotation. Such configuration is claimed to create increased space for debris removal during instrumentation while simultaneously reducing stress concentration on the instrument during cutting. Despite the manufacturer’s claims regarding the novel geometry and expected advantages of ProTaper Ultimate files, independent clinical scientific evaluation of these features remains limited. Understanding whether the parallelogram cross-section and offset center of mass truly translate into improved clinical performance and enhanced debris elimination is essential for evidence-based endodontic practice. Therefore, this study aimed to objectively assess these claimed advantages, providing clinicians with reliable data regarding the bacterial reduction and postoperative pain of PTU. The findings will contribute to informed decision-making when selecting rotary systems and may clarify the clinical relevance of this new design concept. AIM: This prospective randomized double-blinded trial clinically compared postoperative pain and bacterial reduction after using two rotary systems; ProTaper Ultimate (PTU) versus ProTaper Gold (PTG) in necrotic maxillary premolars. METHODOLOGY: Fifty-six patients with necrotic maxillary first premolars with normal periapical condition were randomly assigned to PTU (n=28) or PTG (n=28). Root canal preparation was performed using the allocated file system. The primary clinical outcome was postoperative pain and was recorded preoperatively and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours using a modified visual analogue scale (mVAS). The secondary outcome was intracanal bacterial load and bacterial reduction percentage, quantified as aerobic and anaerobic colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). Samples were collected pre-instrumentation (S1), post-instrumentation (S2), and after final irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (S3). Incidence and number of analgesic intakes was also documented. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test, chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman’s test, frequencies (n), percentages (%), Fisher exact test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (ρ). RESULTS: Postoperative pain was significantly higher with PTU than PTG immediately (p=0.004) and at 12 hours (p=0.035), 24 hours (p=0.002), and 48 hours (p=0.005), with no significant difference at 6 hours (p=0.055). Analgesic intake was significantly greater in the PTU group, which was 3.45-fold more prone to require medication. PTU showed significantly lower bacterial reduction than PTG after instrumentation (S1–S2: aerobic p=0.0014; anaerobic p=0.0326) and after final irrigation (S1–S3: aerobic p=0.0183; anaerobic p=0.0276). Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed no significant association between bacterial reduction and pain scores in either group (PTU: ρ = 0.06, p = 0.760; PTG: ρ = 0.03, p = 0.896). CONCLUSION: PTG, with its convex triangle cross-section and lower rotational speed and torque, resulted in lower postoperative pain intensity, less need for analgesics and statistically higher bacterial reduction compared to the parallelogram cross-section of PTU. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was listed on www.clinicaltrials.gov (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05305742) https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05305742?cond=Necrosis&viewType=Table&term=GOLD&rank=5 . ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05305742 registration date (30/03/2022).

12Post endodontic pain following single-visit root canal preparation with rotary vs reciprocating instruments: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.PubMed

Xiao-Mei Hou, Zheng Su, Ben-Xiang Hou
BACKGROUND: In endodontic therapy, continuous rotary instrumentation reduced debris compared to reciprocal instrumentation, which might affect the incidence of post-endodontic pain (PP). The aim of our study was to assess whether PP incidence and levels were influenced by the choice of rotary or reciprocal instruments. METHODS: In this meta-analysis the Pubmed and EM databases were searched for prospective clinical randomized trials published before April 20, 2016, using combinations of the keywords: root canal preparation/instrumentation/treatment/therapy; post-operative/endodontic pain; reciprocal and rotary instruments. RESULTS: Three studies were included, involving a total of 1,317 patients, 659 treated with reciprocating instruments and 658 treated with rotary instruments. PP was reported in 139 patients in the reciprocating group and 172 in the rotary group. The PP incidence odds ratio was 1.27 with 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.25, 6.52) favoring rotary instruments. The mild, moderate and severe PP levels odds ratios were 0.31 (0.11, 0.84), 2.24 (0.66, 7.59) and 11.71 (0.63, 218.15), respectively. No evidence of publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS: Rotary instrument choice in endodontic therapy is associated with a lower incidence of PP than reciprocating instruments, while reciprocating instruments are associated with less mild PP incidence.
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