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碳中和主题，IF 大于 10 的顶刊研究
根据您提供的信息，以下是关于碳中和主题，并且影响因子（IF）大于10的顶刊研究总结：
碳中和是全球应对气候变化的关键目标，旨在通过平衡二氧化碳排放与清除，以阻止大气中二氧化碳浓度升高导致的全球变暖。为了实现碳中和，各行各业都在积极探索和实施创新技术与策略。以下是一些在影响因子大于10的顶尖期刊上发表的与碳中和相关的研究：
1. 碳中和的必要性与全球背景
- 《The Innovation》 (IF: 25.7): 一篇题为“Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality”的综述文章强调，自工业革命以来，全球发展严重依赖自然资源的过度开发，尤其是化石燃料的广泛使用和土地利用变化，导致大气中温室气体浓度不断上升，引发全球气候变化。文章指出，到2050年实现碳中和是地球上最紧迫的任务，改革现有生产系统以减少温室气体排放和促进二氧化碳捕获至关重要。
- 《The Innovation》 (IF: 25.7): 另一篇题为“Carbon neutrality: Toward a sustainable future”的文章指出，截至2021年2月，已有124个国家承诺到2050年或2060年实现碳中和。文章强调，到2020年，全球平均大气二氧化碳浓度已达到415 ppm，远高于1850年工业化前的285 ppm，导致全球地表温度升高约1.2°C。即使立即停止碳排放，地球仍将进一步变暖，因此2050年实现碳中和的目标是将2100年温度升高限制在工业化前水平的1.5°C-2.0°C。文章呼吁各国做出巨大努力来实现这一目标，并认为碳中和是人类阻止对生活环境造成加速损害的巨大第一步，可能成为人类历史上最大的国际协议。它甚至可能成为继前四次工业革命之后的“第五次工业革命”，解决人类与自然关系中的核心问题，即化石燃料消耗导致的全球变暖和环境退化，从而实现人类与自然和谐共存的可持续未来。
- 《Engineering》 (IF: 11.6): 一项文献综述研究了中国实现碳达峰和碳中和的政策和管理，通过分析1105篇已发表的研究，量化分析了该领域发展的时空原则，并追溯了研究热点的变化。该研究总结了关键行业在碳达峰和碳中和方面的优先事项和立场，并从五个关键管理科学主题出发，阐明了这两个减排目标的科学关注和战略需求。该研究为中国制定碳达峰和碳中和政策提供了理论见解和实践对策。
2. 实现碳中和的技术与策略
为实现碳中和，需要多方面共同努力，包括发展可再生能源、碳捕获与利用、能源效率提升以及生态碳汇增强等。
- 可再生能源与电力系统转型：
- 《Nature Communications》 (IF: 15.7): 一项研究评估了中国电力系统为实现碳中和而增加的电力供应成本。研究表明，到2050年，电力系统将需要约5.8太瓦的风能和太阳能光伏发电容量才能实现碳中和。预计电力供应成本将增加9.6人民币分/千瓦时，主要由于对可再生能源容量、灵活发电资源和电网扩张的巨额投资。
- 《Nature Communications》 (IF: 15.7): 另一项研究使用概率框架评估了中国向碳中和能源转型的过程。研究发现，早期达峰可以减少福利损失，并避免过度依赖碳去除技术。实现碳中和迫切需要技术突破、生产和消费模式转变以及政策强化。
- 《The Innovation》 (IF: 25.7): 在“Carbon neutrality: Toward a sustainable future”一文中，作者强调，为实现碳中和，首先需要尽可能多地减少碳排放，包括用无碳可再生能源、水力发电和核能取代化石燃料。文章指出，风能、太阳能、生物质能、地热能、潮汐能和氢能等可再生能源潜力巨大，可以完全满足我们的能源需求。
- 碳捕获、去除与利用：
- 《The Innovation》 (IF: 25.7): 上述文章还提到，工业二氧化碳捕获、去除、储存和利用是实现碳中和的关键手段之一。
- 《Global Change Biology》 (IF: 12.0): 题为“The Microbial Efficiency‐Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?”的研究提出了微生物效率-基质稳定化（MEMS）框架，将植物凋落物分解与土壤有机质稳定化相结合，解释了可利用的植物输入如何形成稳定的土壤有机质。该框架假设不稳定的植物成分是微生物产物的主要来源，并通过促进聚集和与矿物土壤基质的强化学键合，成为稳定土壤有机质的主要前体，这对于理解陆地碳汇潜力至关重要。
- 《The Innovation》 (IF: 25.7): 增强陆地和海洋碳汇也是重要的碳中和策略。文章指出，通过植树造林和森林管理增强陆地碳汇，初期成本较低，应优先考虑，尤其是在潜力较高的地区。然而，陆地碳汇有其限度，生物质和土壤中封存的碳并非永久安全，可能返回大气，因此应将其视为争取时间以控制净碳排放的选项。
- 能源效率与废弃物利用：
- 《The Innovation》 (IF: 25.7): 减少能源消耗和提高能源利用效率是实现碳中和的另一重要途径。同时，文章也提到了固体废物的再利用。
- 《Advanced Energy Materials》 (IF: 26.0): 题为“Triboelectric Nanogenerators Driven Self‐Powered Electrochemical Processes for Energy and Environmental Science”的综述文章，介绍了摩擦纳米发电机（TENGs）在高性能能量转换和自供电电化学系统方面的最新进展。TENGs无需外部电源即可驱动电化学过程，可应用于水分解、海水淡化、空气污染净化、有机污染物降解、重金属离子收集等，在环境科学的大规模应用中具有巨大潜力，有助于能源和环境问题的解决。
3. 碳中和背景下的新材料研究
- 《Advanced Materials》 (IF: 26.8): 题为“High Quality Monolayer Graphene Synthesized by Resistive Heating Cold Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition”的研究展示了通过电阻加热冷壁化学气相沉积（CVD）生长石墨烯的方法。这项技术比标准CVD快100倍，成本低99%，并且生产的石墨烯质量与天然石墨烯相当。文章首次展示了透明柔性石墨烯电容式触摸传感器，表明冷壁CVD石墨烯适用于下一代电子产品，并有望推动机器人人工皮肤等新应用的开发。高质量、低成本的石墨烯生产对于其在工业和新兴技术中的广泛应用具有重要意义，尤其是在能源效率和柔性电子领域，间接支持了碳中和的技术进步。
4. 相关环境与健康议题
虽然这些研究不直接关于碳中和，但它们关注的环境问题与碳中和的目标紧密相关，或探讨了实现碳中和过程中需要考虑的科学与社会背景。
- 《The Lancet》 (IF: 88.5): “Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019”的研究评估了1990年至2019年间87种风险因素对全球疾病负担的影响。研究发现，2010年至2019年间，家庭空气污染、不安全水、卫生设施和洗手以及儿童发育迟缓等与社会经济发展密切相关的风险因素暴露量下降最大。然而，环境颗粒物污染、药物使用、高空腹血糖和高体重指数等风险因素暴露量增加。这项研究揭示了环境污染（如空气污染）对人类健康的影响，这些污染往往与化石燃料燃烧相关，因此减少碳排放带来的环境效益也包括改善公众健康。
- 《Journal of the American College of Cardiology》 (IF: 22.3): “Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019”的研究指出，心血管疾病（CVDs）仍然是全球疾病负担的主要原因，并且在除高收入国家外的几乎所有国家持续上升。虽然该研究没有直接提及碳中和，但环境污染（如空气污染）被认为是心血管疾病的重要风险因素之一，而碳中和的实现将大幅改善空气质量，从而可能对全球心血管健康产生积极影响。
- 《Ecology and Society》 (IF: 6.0，但被大量引用，并讨论了行星边界的概念): 题为“Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity”的文章提出了行星边界的概念，即人类活动不应超越的环境阈值，以确保地球系统的稳定性和人类的福祉。气候变化（由碳排放驱动）是其中一个核心边界，强调了碳中和对于维持地球宜居性的关键作用。
- 《Environmental Science & Technology》 (IF: 11.3): 题为“Machine Learning: New Ideas and Tools in Environmental Science and Engineering”的特刊探讨了机器学习（ML）在环境科学与工程（ESE）领域数据分析和建模中的潜力。ML可以应用于预测、提取特征重要性、检测异常以及发现新材料或化学品。这些应用对于优化碳中和技术，如提高可再生能源预测精度、开发新型碳捕获材料或监测环境变化都具有重要意义。
- 《Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences》 (IF: 13.0): 题为“Mercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental Sciences”的文章讨论了汞（Hg）同位素在地球和环境科学中的应用。这项研究虽然不直接关于碳中和，但它提供了一种追踪环境中汞来源、生物地球化学循环和反应的方法。汞污染常与工业活动相关，而碳中和转型中对清洁能源的追求，也将有助于减少此类重金属排放。
总结
综上所述，影响因子大于10的顶刊对碳中和主题的研究涵盖了其紧迫性、实现路径、技术创新和相关的环境健康效益。这些研究强调了全球合作、技术突破（如先进材料和能源技术）、政策支持和生活方式转变在实现碳中和目标中的关键作用。特别是电力系统转型、碳捕获与利用、以及新型材料（如高质量石墨烯）的开发，被认为是推动碳中和进程的重要方向。同时，研究也关注了碳中和对人类健康和生态系统的积极影响，以及在这一过程中如何利用先进的数据分析工具（如机器学习）来优化决策和加速创新。
References
1High Quality Monolayer Graphene Synthesized by Resistive Heating Cold Wall Chemical Vapor DepositionOpenAlex
Thomas H. Bointon, Matthew D. Barnes, Saverio Russo, et al.
The growth of graphene using resistive-heating cold-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is demonstrated. This technique is 100 times faster and 99% lower cost than standard CVD. A study of Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrical magneto-transport measurements shows that cold-wall CVD graphene is of comparable quality to natural graphene. Finally, the first transparent flexible graphene capacitive touch-sensor is demonstrated. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of monolayer graphene on copper1, 2 has emerged as one of the most competitive growth methods for securing the industrial exploitation of graphene, due to its compatibility with Si and roll-to-roll technologies.3 Recently, there has been tremendous progress in controlling the morphology,4-6 functionalization,7-10 and growth of heterostructures of intrinsic and doped graphene.11 However, the low-throughput and the very high production cost for high-quality CVD graphene are central challenges for the industrial exploitation of this material.12, 13 The most common CVD approach is to use a hot-wall system where Cu foils are heated at temperatures ≈1000 °C in a quartz tube furnace through which the precursor hydrocarbon gas flows. The long processing time, that can take a few hours, limits the throughput of graphene by this method. At the same time the typical cost of graphene produced in this way is in excess of 1 cm−2, whereas its retail price ranges from 4.57 cm−2 to 21 cm−2 (see the Supporting Information). Therefore, a way forward to increase the throughput and reduce the production cost is to grow graphene in a cold wall CVD system which heats selectively only the Cu foils. Few types of cold wall CVD have been investigated so far for the growth of graphene3, 14-19 such as magnetic induction heating CVD,14 rapid thermal annealing CVD using halogen lamp heating,15, 16 Joule heating CVD,17, 18 and resistively heated stage CVD.19 Of all these methods, the resistively heated stage CVD approach allows for faster, more efficient heating and cooling, shorter growth time, and less gas consumption. This method provides a more uniform substrate heating, it reduces the chemical reactions which can take place in the gas phase at high temperature known to contaminate graphene and it allows for very fast cooling rates, which have been shown to enhance the quality of graphene grown by CVD on copper foil.20 Furthermore, this type of cold-wall CVD system is found in manufacturing plants of the semiconductor industries. Most importantly we show that with this method truly high quality monolayer graphene can be reproducibly grown. To date, virtually nothing is known on the growth mechanism of monolayer graphene by cold-wall CVD, as well as on its quality and suitability for flexible electronic applications. Therefore, understanding the growth and properties of graphene obtained with cold-wall CVD is imperative to enable the exploitation of this material and facilitate the birth of novel graphene-based applications. Here we report a completely new mechanism for the growth of graphene by resistively heated stage cold-wall CVD which is markedly different from the growth mechanism of graphene in a hot-wall CVD. Through a combined study of Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we elucidate the early stage formation of graphene by monitoring the transition from disordered carbon adsorbed on Cu to graphene. We also demonstrate for the first time (1) high-throughput production, (2) ultralow cost, and (3) high quality monolayer graphene grown on Cu foils by resistively heated stage cold-wall CVD. Our technique merges short deposition time (approximately few minutes) with high-efficiency heating of a cold-wall CVD system, resulting in ≈99% reduction in graphene production cost. The Raman spectra of our graphene films shows a low defect related peak and in devices with an area of 5600 μm2 fabricated on standard SiO2 substrates we measure a charge carrier mobility of 3300 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the quantum Hall Effect typical of single layer graphene. In contrast, the quality of graphene grown by hot-wall CVD is often gauged only by carrier mobility,1, 2, 4, 5, 21-23 giving little information regarding the large area properties of the film. Therefore, to better quantify the quality of graphene films for electronic applications, we introduce an electronic quality factor (Q) accounting for the area across which the carrier mobility is measured. Using Q as a gauge we show that graphene grown by cold-wall CVD has enhanced quality compared to the material grown by hot-wall CVD. Finally, we demonstrate that graphene grown by cold-wall CVD is suitable for the next generation electronics by embedding it into the first transparent and flexible graphene capacitive touch-sensor that could enable the development of artificial skin for robots. Studies of the growth mechanism of graphene on copper (using methane) in a hot-wall CVD have thus far suggested the direct growth of 2D films involving several steps. The first step is the direct formation of 2D nuclei of graphene24 from the adsorbed carbon species resulted from the catalytic decomposition of methane on the copper surface. These graphene nucleation sites subsequently grow with the addition of carbon to their edges to form islands and large domains.25 The growth parameters such as the temperature, pressure, growth time, and gas flow are tuned to let graphene domains grow until they coalesce and a continuous graphene film is attained.26 Though it has been suggested that after the growth of the first layer the catalytic copper surface becomes passivated and limits the growth of other layers, several studies of low-pressure CVD have reported the growth of bilayer27 and trilayer,28 as well as multilayers for atmospheric pressure CVD.29 Nevertheless, the thickness of the grown layers in a hot-wall CVD is always limited to few nanometers or less. Our experiments show that the growth mechanism of graphene in cold-wall CVD is markedly different from that of the hot-wall CVD described above. Specifically, over a range of growth temperatures that we have investigated, we always observed a thick carbon film (100 nm), which forms in the early stages of the growth (see Figure 1a, top left), that becomes progressively thinner with increasing the growth time (see top inset in Figure 1b) and finally evolves into graphene islands (see Figure 1a, top right). The time required to form graphene decreases from 6 min at 950 °C to 20 s at 1035 °C (see the Supporting Information). To elucidate the initial stage of graphene growth, that is the adsorption of carbon on the Cu substrate, we focus on the slow graphene formation at 950 °C. Graphene films were obtained using a commercial cold-wall CVD system (see the Supporting Information for details on the design and stability of critical parameters needed for the growth of high quality graphene with this process). The films were transferred from the Cu foils to SiO2/Si substrates using a wet transfer method.1, 30 Full details of the growth and transfer procedures are provided in the Supporting Information. Similar studies for films grown at higher temperatures are presented in the Supporting Information. Figure 1b shows the Raman spectra of films grown at 950 °C for growth time (tG) ranging from 1 to 6 min. For all the samples we observe the characteristic peaks of sp2 bonded carbon atoms: the D-peak at ≈1340 cm−1, the G-peak around 1600 cm−1, the D′-peak around 1620 cm−1, and the 2D-peak at ≈2700 cm−1. For short tG (i.e., 1–4 min) the D- and G-peaks have considerable higher intensities than the 2D-peak, which is typical of disordered carbon films.31, 32 As tG increases we observe changes in intensities, sharpness, and positions of the D and G peaks, and for tG > 4 min a well-defined 2D-band emerges. At the same time, AFM measurements show a reduction in the film thickness from 116 to 2.7 nm with increasing tG from 1 to 6 min (see top inset of Figure 1b), which suggests the desorption of carbon from the film. Lorentzian fitting of the D-, G-, and 2D-peaks allows us to ascertain the structural ordering within the films by analyzing the band intensities (ID,G,2D), the full width at half maximum (FWHM(D,G,2D)) and the peak positions (Pos(G,2D)). According to the three stage model for classification of disorder,33-37 the evolution of ID/IG, FWHM(D,G) and Pos(G) allow us to assess the ordering/amorphization in carbon materials ranging from graphite and amorphous carbon33, 34 to few-layer and monolayer graphene.35-37 For tG = 1 min, the presence of a 2D peak with Pos(2D) = 2683 cm−1 and FWHM(2D) = 88 cm−1, the absence of a doublet in the D and 2D peaks, together with the overlap of G and D′ peaks indicate the formation of nanocrystalline graphite with no 3D ordering. Figure 1c shows that I2D and IG increase with increasing tG, whereas the ratio ID/IG decreases from ≈3.9 to 0.2 (see Figure 1d). At the same time Pos(G) down-shifts from 1601 to 1590 cm−1 (see Figure 1e) and a significant reduction of FWHM(D,G) occurs (see Figure 1f). The evolution of IG,2D, ID/IG, Pos(G), and FWHM(D,G) with increasing tG is consistent with the stage 1 ordering trajectory leading from nanocrystalline graphite to graphite. In this regime the size of sp2 clusters (La) increases with increasing ordering and can be estimated using the Tuinstra–Koenig relation ID/IG = C(λ)/La where C(532 nm) ≈ 4.96 nm.38, 39 Using this relation we estimate La ≈ 2 nm for tG = 1 min, which increases to La ≈ 25 nm for tG = 6 min as shown in Figure 1d. For tG > 6 min the 2D-peak intensity is larger than two times the intensity of the G-peak and it can be fitted with a single Lorentzian, with Pos(2D) = 2678 cm−1 and FWHM(2D) = 30 cm−1 indicating the formation of monolayer graphene.35, 40, 41 This conclusion is supported by AFM measurements showing the formation of islands with a thickness of 2.7 nm, which corresponds to monolayer graphene and accounts for fabrication residues and substrate effects.42 Furthermore, electrical transport measurements performed on continuous films with a similar Raman spectra and AFM thickness show the quantum Hall effect typical of monolayer graphene as discussed later. To provide further insights into the transition from nanocrystalline graphite film to graphene islands we monitor the evolution of the density, size, and separation of the islands using SEM observations combined with a simple counting algorithm described in the Supporting Information. Figure 2a shows the evolution from a continuous film to discrete islands with increasing growth time for 950 °C. These images have been performed on the same samples used for the Raman measurements in Figure 1. The average island area within the same range of growth times is shown in Figure 2b, whereas the average separation between islands at initial fragmentation then from 4 to 10 min is shown in Figure 2c. An initial reduction in island size suggests desorption of material from the surface. The observed saturation in the island separation of 7.23 μm indicates that there is no further nucleation of islands after the initial fragmentation. After 7 min we see a maximum in island size of 19.7 μm2. Raman measurements confirm that these islands are composed of graphene. SEM analysis of films grown for 1000 and 1035 °C reveals a similar behavior of the saturation in island separation and a maxima in island size (see the Supporting Information). We observe that an increase in growth temperature leads to a reduction in the time required to achieve the maximum island size and to form a monolayer graphene as shown in the inset of Figure 2c. A similar behavior has been also observed in other CVD graphene growth studies,24, 26 which showed that the growth rates of graphene islands are determined by competing atomic phenomena such as adatom mobility and attachment to the islands edges versus desorption, as well as being affected by the microscopic substrate roughness.26 The counterintuitive decrease in island area with time can be understood within the desorption controlled regime26 where the growth is a thermally activated process with a barrier energy Ea = (Edes + Eatt – Ed – Ead)/2 and with the density of graphene islands Ni ≈ PCH4· exp(2Ea/KT), with Edes the desorption energy of a carbon monomer on the Cu surface, Eatt the barrier of attachment for the capture of a monomer by supercritical nucleus, Ed the activation energy of surface diffusion of a monomer, Ead the activation energy for dissociative adsorption of CH4 on Cu, PCH4 the methane partial pressure, K the Boltzmann constant, and T the growth temperature. Figure 2d shows that when the island area decreases with time, Ni has a dependence on growth temperature which is typical of the desorption controlled regime with an activation energy of 1.66 eV. The desorption model is also consistent with the formation of holes inside the islands at 8 min of growth (see Figure 2a). The observed transition from a disordered carbon film adsorbed on Cu to graphene is very likely due to the combination of high temperature, low pressure, and the presence of the catalytically active surface of Cu, which induces the conversion to graphene as well as the thinning process of the carbon film. Previous studies43-45 have also investigated the high temperature conversion of amorphous carbon (a-C) films into graphene. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) studies43 have reported the high temperature conversion of amorphous carbon (a-C) into graphene patches of 100 × 300 nm2. It was shown that a-C can rearrange into graphene through a phase of glasslike carbon which takes place within a time frame from 1 to 15 min, in the temperature range of 326–926 °C. Another study44 showed that graphene can be grown in a solid-state transformation of a-C in the presence of a catalytically active metal at temperature up to 720 °C. In this case rearrangement processes take place in two or 3D unordered network structures in which a huge number of bonds are broken and newly formed. Finally, a third study showed the metal-catalyzed crystallization of a-C to graphene by thermal annealing at 650–950 °C.45 It was shown that part of the carbon source is crystallized into graphene with the rest outgassing from the system. Furthermore, this study also reports that for long annealing times no carbon or graphene remains on the surface due to significant desorption of C atoms under the low pressure and high temperature ambient. Similarly to these studies we have a film of nanocrystalline graphite on top of a catalytically active metal in low pressure and high temperature conditions, as well as comparable time frames for the conversion to graphene. Having established the initial stages of graphene formation, we investigate the transition from graphene islands to a continuous film. Figure 2c shows that the island size reaches a maximum with the growth time and a further increase in the growth time leads to a decrease in the island size. To grow continuous graphene monolayer films we adopted the two stage growth described by Li et al.,26 where increasing methane flow rate after the formation of the islands is shown to fill the regions between islands while suppressing further nucleation sites. As our objective is to minimize growth time, we selected the growth temperature of 1000 °C where maximum island size and island separation are reached in the shortest time (40 s). Using the grown graphene islands as nucleation sites, we find that increasing the methane flow rate and growth time to 5 min allows the islands to merge into a continuous graphene monolayer film of up to 8 cm2 in area. SEM, AFM, and Raman measurements confirm that the continuous films are monolayer graphene. Figure 2e shows the morphology of the graphene monolayer after the complete coalescence of the islands studied by SEM and AFM. The analysis of the Raman measurements performed on the continuous films is presented in Figure 1, where the green highlighted regions in panels (c) to (f) indicate the values of IG,2D, ID/IG, La, Pos(G), and FWHM(D,G,2D) for a 1 × 1 cm graphene film. Raman mapping measurements shown in the Supporting Information demonstrate the uniformity and high-quality of the continuous films. The total processing time of this procedure is about 20 min (see the Supporting Information); this includes (1) heating up time for the CVD system from room temperature to the growth temperature, (2) Cu foil annealing time, (3) graphene nucleation and growth time, (4) cooling down time for the system to room temperature. The demonstrated processing time is significantly shorter than the processing time needed by hot-wall CVD (typically >70 min).1, 2, 4, 5, 21, 22 We estimate the total cost of graphene production by cold-wall CVD to be <0.37 cm−2 (see the Supporting Information). Compared with other CVD studies and neglecting the base cost of copper we see a reduction in the production costs of 98.83%–99.89%. This extraordinary reduction in the production cost, together with the possibility of reconstitution of high purity copper from etchant solutions by electrolysis that can yield up to 99% of the original foil,46 open a new way forward to accelerate the commercialization of graphene. To ascertain the quality of the electronic properties of graphene produced by cold-wall CVD we the charge carrier mobility in devices fabricated on SiO2/Si Using the model we estimate the effect mobility to be 3300 cm2 V−1 s−1 at K and cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature. This across a large area is comparable to the mobility in area devices of graphene grown by CVD to or (typically few and on 2, 4, 5, 21, The quality of cold-wall CVD graphene as compared to that grown with other methods is using the electronic quality factor (Q) for the area across which the carrier mobility is is as the effect mobility V−1 by the area of the As shown in the Supporting graphene grown by heating cold-wall CVD has Q ranging from 4 × to × whereas most reports of monolayer graphene grown by hot-wall CVD have Q ranging from to 7 × cold-wall CVD grown graphene has a of Q from a high quality growth This is in to the of Q over three of reported for hot-wall CVD grown graphene. Figure shows the in a large Hall × 25 see fabricated on standard The Si substrates are doped and as the a to the we the carrier from × to 6 × The charge is at indicating low in our Figure shows the and the Hall the at 13 T and at a temperature of are when the energy is within a that to the = + typical of the quantum Hall effect of monolayer graphene with and At the same time we observe = where the energy is within the = for and indicating that the graphene quality is high to observe the in the At the same time, shows well-defined which are with the A of the Hall and charge carrier shows that up to = 6 are at high (see Figure The = 1 is down to as low as 5 The presence of these at low is an of low in the graphene which further the high electronic quality of cold-wall CVD graphene. In the of this we demonstrate that graphene produced by this novel method is suitable for the next generation flexible and transparent In such is the method for an the the capacitive have the time and the to However, graphene-based flexible capacitive have been demonstrated so far due to the from of graphene and layers on flexible We a novel fabrication procedure that the high quality of graphene (see the Supporting us to demonstrate for the first time a flexible and transparent capacitive using graphene for the top and Figure shows a of a capacitive fabricated on a flexible and transparent The of two of graphene by as in Figure The graphene were fabricated on the Cu foil and to nm thick by their transfer to the transport measurements show that the typical across is ≈ and the A of the fabrication procedure and electrical is provided in the Supporting Information. The of the are at the between the graphene and a As pressure is to an of the the the between the graphene resulting in an increase in Figure shows an of in for when one is with a The maximum in occurs on the with changes to the To the of the we and an with a and the in shown in Figure A in of = 6 was observed with a to the original after The in demonstrated indicates a fast to and of the we the and of the devices by the substrate and the of the graphene across the Figure shows the in the two of the graphene as the is a cm for This was performed for graphene and to the of After only changes of less than in the are which show no significant of the of the flexible These measurements demonstrate the and of our graphene and its suitability for use in flexible In we have shown a new growth mechanism of graphene by cold-wall CVD, which with the formation of a thick carbon film in the early stages of the growth, that becomes progressively thinner with increasing the growth time and finally evolves into graphene At the same time we demonstrate an high-throughput and cost efficient growth procedure for high quality monolayer graphene using cold-wall CVD. Finally, we use graphene as material and demonstrate the first flexible and transparent graphene capacitive using processing that are with transparent and flexible electronic its for the industrial exploitation of graphene cold-wall CVD are found in semiconductor manufacturing our could to new of flexible electronics and new for the of graphene-based The from and from the and As a to our and this provides information by the materials are and be for are or from information than be to the The is for the or of information by the than be to the for the
2Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutralityOpenAlex
Fang Wang, Jean Damascene Harindintwali, Zhizhang Yuan, et al.
Global development has been heavily reliant on the overexploitation of natural resources since the Industrial Revolution. With the extensive use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other forms of land-use change, anthropogenic activities have contributed to the ever-increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, causing global climate change. In response to the worsening global climate change, achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 is the most pressing task on the planet. To this end, it is of utmost importance and a significant challenge to reform the current production systems to reduce GHG emissions and promote the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. Herein, we review innovative technologies that offer solutions achieving carbon (C) neutrality and sustainable development, including those for renewable energy production, food system transformation, waste valorization, C sink conservation, and C-negative manufacturing. The wealth of knowledge disseminated in this review could inspire the global community and drive the further development of innovative technologies to mitigate climate change and sustainably support human activities.
3Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019OpenAlex
Christopher J L Murray, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Peng Zheng, et al.
BACKGROUND: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. METHODS: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. FINDINGS: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51-12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9-21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12-9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6-16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3-13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. INTERPRETATION: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
4Machine Learning: New Ideas and Tools in Environmental Science and EngineeringOpenAlex
Shifa Zhong, Kai Zhang, Majid Bagheri, et al.
The rapid increase in both the quantity and complexity of data that are being generated daily in the field of environmental science and engineering (ESE) demands accompanied advancement in data analytics. Advanced data analysis approaches, such as machine learning (ML), have become indispensable tools for revealing hidden patterns or deducing correlations for which conventional analytical methods face limitations or challenges. However, ML concepts and practices have not been widely utilized by researchers in ESE. This feature explores the potential of ML to revolutionize data analysis and modeling in the ESE field, and covers the essential knowledge needed for such applications. First, we use five examples to illustrate how ML addresses complex ESE problems. We then summarize four major types of applications of ML in ESE: making predictions; extracting feature importance; detecting anomalies; and discovering new materials or chemicals. Next, we introduce the essential knowledge required and current shortcomings in ML applications in ESE, with a focus on three important but often overlooked components when applying ML: correct model development, proper model interpretation, and sound applicability analysis. Finally, we discuss challenges and future opportunities in the application of ML tools in ESE to highlight the potential of ML in this field.
5The Chemical Composition of the SunOpenAlex
M. Asplund, N. Grevesse, A. J. Sauval, et al.
The solar chemical composition is an important ingredient in our understanding of the formation, structure, and evolution of both the Sun and our Solar System. Furthermore, it is an essential reference standard against which the elemental contents of other astronomical objects are compared. In this review, we evaluate the current understanding of the solar photospheric composition. In particular, we present a redetermination of the abundances of nearly all available elements, using a realistic new three-dimensional (3D), time-dependent hydrodynamical model of the solar atmosphere. We have carefully considered the atomic input data and selection of spectral lines, and accounted for departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) whenever possible. The end result is a comprehensive and homogeneous compilation of the solar elemental abundances. Particularly noteworthy findings are significantly lower abundances of C, N, O, and Ne compared to the widely used values of a decade ago. The new solar chemical composition is supported by a high degree of internal consistency between available abundance indicators, and by agreement with values obtained in the Solar Neighborhood and from the most pristine meteorites. There is, however, a stark conflict with standard models of the solar interior according to helioseismology, a discrepancy that has yet to find a satisfactory resolution.
6Policy and Management of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality: A Literature ReviewOpenAlex
Yi‐Ming Wei, Kaiyuan Chen, Jia-Ning Kang, et al.
The vision of reaching a carbon peak and achieving carbon neutrality is guiding the low-carbon transition of China’s socioeconomic system. Currently, a research gap remains in the existing literature in terms of studies that systematically identify opportunities to achieve carbon neutrality. To address this gap, this study comprehensively collates and investigates 1105 published research studies regarding carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In doing so, the principles of development in this area are quantitively analyzed from a space–time perspective. At the same time, this study traces shifts and alterations in research hotspots. This systematic review summarizes the priorities and standpoints of key industries on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Furthermore, with an emphasis on five key management science topics, the scientific concerns and strategic demands for these two carbon emission-reduction goals are clarified. The paper ends with theoretical insights on and practical countermeasures for actions, priority tasks, and policy measures that will enable China to achieve a carbon-neutral future. This study provides a complete picture of the research status on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, as well as the research directions worth investigating in this field, which are crucial to the formulation of carbon peak and carbon neutrality policies.
7Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for HumanityOpenAlex
Johan Rockström, Will Steffen, Kevin J. Noone, et al.
Rockström, J., W. Steffen, K. Noone, Å. Persson, F. S. Chapin, III, E. Lambin, T. M. Lenton, M. Scheffer, C. Folke, H. Schellnhuber, B. Nykvist, C. A. De Wit, T. Hughes, S. van der Leeuw, H. Rodhe, S. Sörlin, P. K. Snyder, R. Costanza, U. Svedin, M. Falkenmark, L. Karlberg, R. W. Corell, V. J. Fabry, J. Hansen, B. Walker, D. Liverman, K. Richardson, P. Crutzen, and J. Foley. 2009. Planetary boundaries:exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society 14(2): 32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03180-140232
8Mercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental SciencesOpenAlex
Joel D. Blum, Laura S. Sherman, Marcus W. Johnson
Virtually all biotic, dark abiotic, and photochemical transformations of mercury (Hg) produce Hg isotope fractionation, which can be either mass dependent (MDF) or mass independent (MIF). The largest range in MDF is observed among geological materials and rainfall impacted by anthropogenic sources. The largest positive MIF of Hg isotopes (odd-mass excess) is caused by photochemical degradation of methylmercury in water. This signature is retained through the food web and measured in all freshwater and marine fish. The largest negative MIF of Hg isotopes (odd-mass deficit) is caused by photochemical reduction of inorganic Hg and has been observed in Arctic snow and plant foliage. Ratios of MDF to MIF and ratios of 199 Hg MIF to 201 Hg MIF are often diagnostic of biogeochemical reaction pathways. More than a decade of research demonstrates that Hg isotopes can be used to trace sources, biogeochemical cycling, and reactions involving Hg in the environment.
9Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelinesOpenAlex
Clotilde Théry, Kenneth W. Witwer, Elena Aïkawa, et al.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
10Carbon neutrality: Toward a sustainable futureOpenAlex
Jing M. Chen
Carbon neutrality refers to net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions attained by balancing the emission of CO2 with its removal so as to stop its increase in the atmosphere that causes global warming. As of February 2021, 124 countries had pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 or 2060. This is a remarkable development reached after the annual United Nations Conference of the Parties of 1995, in particular those of Kyoto (1997), Bonn (2001), Bali (2007), and Paris (2015), with progressively more concrete binding commitments to emission reduction by the parties (countries). By 2020, global average atmospheric CO2 concentration had reached 415 ppm, a large increase from its preindustrial level of 285 ppm around 1850. As a result, the global average surface temperature increased by about 1.2°C over the period 1850–2020.1NOAA National Centers for Environmental InformationState of the climate: global climate Report for annual 2020.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202013Google Scholar As the additional CO2 in the atmosphere continues to produce a greenhouse effect, the Earth is committed to further warming, even if we stop carbon emissions immediately. The goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 is to limit the temperature increase by 2100 to 1.5°C–2.0°C from its preindustrial level.2Tollefson J. Limiting global warming to 1.5 C may still be possible.Nature. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.22627Crossref Google Scholar Enormous efforts by all countries are needed to achieve this goal. These could be regarded as desperate efforts in the face of dangerous climate change that may even threaten the very existence of our species on Earth. The warming in the recent past has already damaged our living environment on a gigantic scale, and the list is already long: insects, drought, flood, wildfires, species extinction, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, glacier retreat, Arctic and Antarctic ice melt, sea-level rise, etc. In my view, sea-level rise is a particularly serious issue that could potentially threaten over 100 million people in this century and much more in longer terms. In Earth’s history, the sea level has varied by about 200 m, while temperature varied by about 10°C, i.e., the sensitivity is 20 m per °C.3Haq B.U. Schutter S.R. A chronology of paleozoic sea-level changes.Science. 2008; 322: 64-68Crossref PubMed Scopus (958) Google Scholar In the Eocene, about 40 million years ago, the Earth’s surface temperature was about 3.5°C warmer than the present temperature and the sea level was about 75 m higher than the current sea level; at the last glaciers’ maximum about 20,000 years ago, when the temperature was about 6°C lower, the sea level was about 125 m lower. Although the Earth’s surface temperature has risen by 1.2°C since the preindustrial period, the sea level rise has been 0.24 m, and the projected rise by 2100 is in the range of 0.3–1.5 m, depending on the fossil fuel emission scenario.4IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker T.F. Qin D. Plattner G.-K. Tignor M. Allen S.K. Boschung J. Nauels A. Xia Y. Bex V. Midgley P.M. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2013Google Scholar It will take thousands of years for the sea level to increase to its potential height at a given temperature because it is a slow process to warm the oceans, which have an average depth of about 3,600 m, to reach the maximum sea ice melt and seawater thermal expansion. Therefore, we would expect that the sea level would continue to rise even if the increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is stopped by 2050, as the existing CO2 and other greenhouse gases will continue to add more heat to the Earth’s system. The only way we can stop the gradual and long-term rise of the sea level is to reduce atmospheric CO2 to close to the preindustrial level. This would require more than achieving carbon neutrality, meaning that we need not only to balance carbon emissions with removals, such as carbon sinks in ecosystems, but also to have removals larger than emissions. Nevertheless, carbon neutrality would be a giant first step of humankind in stopping the accelerated damage to our living environment. The internationally concerted effort toward carbon neutrality could be the largest international agreement achieved in human history. This is a positive sign of international societal development but could also be regarded as an act of desperation to protect ourselves from damages caused by ourselves. We have wasted much time in realizing the seriousness of the global warming issue and in taking necessary actions to address the issue since the expression of the first consensus view among multi-national scientists in the First Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change in 1992. We should now be desperate in taking actions not only to curb carbon emissions but also to find solutions to the energy crisis. In the short span of time since 1850, we have depleted nearly half of fossil fuel resources5Maggio G. Gacciola G. When will oil, natural gas, and coal peak.Fuel. 2012; 98: 111-123Crossref Scopus (147) Google Scholar that took hundreds of millions of years to form throughout the entire Earth’s history, and at the current rate of exploitation, oil and natural gas may last for only 40–80 years and coal for about 100 years. It is obvious that the current fossil energy consumption is not sustainable. Therefore, we should also be desperate in finding ways to address the energy crisis. Carbon neutrality would be the ultimate solution to this crisis. To achieve carbon neutrality, we first need to reduce carbon emissions in as many ways as possible, including (1) replacing fossil fuels with carbon-free renewable energies, hydropower, and nuclear power; (2) industrial CO2 capture, removal, storage, and utilization; (3) reuse of solid wastes; and (4) reducing energy consumption and increasing energy use efficiency. In the meantime, we should also enhance carbon sinks in land and ocean. The potentials of renewable energies, including wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and hydrogen energies, are enormous and can entirely satisfy our energy needs. As technologies develop, it is hoped that these energy sources could become as cheap as fossil fuels, or their costs may soon be lowered to below the sum of the fossil fuel cost and the social cost of carbon, which is recently pegged at US$52/tCO2 by the US federal government. In other words, if the international society concertedly takes global warming as a serious issue and uses a pertinent high price for carbon based on evaluations of the potential damage of carbon emission to the Earth’s environment, it would provide a strong economic incentive to develop renewable energies, and our society would move in the right direction toward a carbon-free future. Enhancing carbon sinks in land could initially be a low-cost option for carbon removal from the atmosphere, as tree planting and forest management can remove carbon at much lower costs than industrial carbon removal. Maximizing land sinks, therefore, should be a priority in our agenda to achieve carbon neutrality in the near future, especially where such potentials remain high. However, land sinks have limits and the sequestered carbon in biomass and soil is not permanently safe from returning to the atmosphere, so we would consider land sinks as an option to buy time in curbing the net carbon emissions to the atmosphere. There is also a large potential to use land to “farm” carbon from the atmosphere, i.e., to grow biomass and use it as a source of energy to replace fossil fuels. In our drive toward carbon neutrality, biomass energy could play a continuous and important role. It may not be possible to reach carbon neutrality without industrial carbon capture, removal, and storage, because we will continue to depend on fossil fuels to some extent in the near future. When carbon markets are established with high carbon prices, technologies and infrastructures for implementing these industrial options to reduce emissions could be encouraged to develop and eventually play a dominant role in achieving carbon neutrality. Energy-conserving lifestyles should also be encouraged. Carbon neutrality will greatly slow down global warming and solve our energy crisis, with accompanying benefits to air quality, ecological recovery, and landscape beautification. It may, therefore, be regarded as an industrial revolution that would mark an important milestone in human development. Following the previous four industrial revolutions, carbon neutrality could be the fifth (Figure 1). The first occurred around 1750 and accelerated after successful operation of steam engines designed by James Watt in 1785, which powered large-scale industries. The second took shape around 1850, when the discovery of electricity by Benjamin Franklin in 1732 led to widespread use of electrically powered machines and production lines that greatly improved industrial productivity. The third came shortly after the first computer produced by John Mauchly and Presper Eckert in 1946, which made automatic production and other industrial processes possible. The fourth emerged gradually, after the formation of the first worldwide web in 1983, and at the turn of this century it propelled a digital era with the internet of things + artificial intelligence + big data that allowed for efficient production and distribution of goods and customized services and thus greatly improved the well-being of everyone. These industrial revolutions in sequence improved our living standards at the expense of natural resources of various types, many of which are not renewable. At the core of the issues in the relationship between humans and nature is our consumption of fossil fuels, which causes not only global warming but also the degradation of our environment. The fifth industrial revolution could solve these core issues, and, therefore, carbon neutrality would be the first step toward a sustainable future in which humans and nature can harmoniously coexist.
11EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGEOpenAlex
David U. Hooper, F. Stuart Chapin, John J. Ewel, et al.
Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1) Species' functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species, ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and material flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human activities has altered ecosystem goods and services in many well-documented cases. Many of these changes are difficult, expensive, or impossible to reverse or fix with technological solutions. 3) The effects of species loss or changes in composition, and the mechanisms by which the effects manifest themselves, can differ among ecosystem properties, ecosystem types, and pathways of potential community change. 4) Some ecosystem properties are initially insensitive to species loss because (a) ecosystems may have multiple species that carry out similar functional roles, (b) some species may contribute relatively little to ecosystem properties, or (c) properties may be primarily controlled by abiotic environmental conditions. 5) More species are needed to insure a stable supply of ecosystem goods and services as spatial and temporal variability increases, which typically occurs as longer time periods and larger areas are considered. We have high confidence in the following conclusions: 1) Certain combinations of species are complementary in their patterns of resource use and can increase average rates of productivity and nutrient retention. At the same time, environmental conditions can influence the importance of complementarity in structuring communities. Identification of which and how many species act in a complementary way in complex communities is just beginning. 2) Susceptibility to invasion by exotic species is strongly influenced by species composition and, under similar environmental conditions, generally decreases with increasing species richness. However, several other factors, such as propagule pressure, disturbance regime, and resource availability also strongly influence invasion success and often override effects of species richness in comparisons across different sites or ecosystems. 3) Having a range of species that respond differently to different environmental perturbations can stabilize ecosystem process rates in response to disturbances and variation in abiotic conditions. Using practices that maintain a diversity of organisms of different functional effect and functional response types will help preserve a range of management options. Uncertainties remain and further research is necessary in the following areas: 1) Further resolution of the relationships among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and community structure is important for identifying mechanisms of biodiversity effects. 2) Multiple trophic levels are common to ecosystems but have been understudied in biodiversity/ecosystem functioning research. The response of ecosystem properties to varying composition and diversity of consumer organisms is much more complex than responses seen in experiments that vary only the diversity of primary producers. 3) Theoretical work on stability has outpaced experimental work, especially field research. We need long-term experiments to be able to assess temporal stability, as well as experimental perturbations to assess response to and recovery from a variety of disturbances. Design and analysis of such experiments must account for several factors that covary with species diversity. 4) Because biodiversity both responds to and influences ecosystem properties, understanding the feedbacks involved is necessary to integrate results from experimental communities with patterns seen at broader scales. Likely patterns of extinction and invasion need to be linked to different drivers of global change, the forces that structure communities, and controls on ecosystem properties for the development of effective management and conservation strategies. 5) This paper focuses primarily on terrestrial systems, with some coverage of freshwater systems, because that is where most empirical and theoretical study has focused. While the fundamental principles described here should apply to marine systems, further study of that realm is necessary. Despite some uncertainties about the mechanisms and circumstances under which diversity influences ecosystem properties, incorporating diversity effects into policy and management is essential, especially in making decisions involving large temporal and spatial scales. Sacrificing those aspects of ecosystems that are difficult or impossible to reconstruct, such as diversity, simply because we are not yet certain about the extent and mechanisms by which they affect ecosystem properties, will restrict future management options even further. It is incumbent upon ecologists to communicate this need, and the values that can derive from such a perspective, to those charged with economic and policy decision-making.
12Triboelectric Nanogenerators Driven Self‐Powered Electrochemical Processes for Energy and Environmental ScienceOpenAlex
Xia Cao, Yang Jie, Ning Wang, et al.
Ever since the discovery of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) by Wang's group in January 2012, various breakthroughs have been achieved in the fundamental mechanisms of TENG as well as the demonstrated self‐powered systems. TENG has shown many advantages in micro‐scale energy harvesting for applications in sensors and portable devices. As a self‐sufficient power source, TENG can be used in conjunction with electrochemical processes as self‐powered electrochemistry without the use of external power source. This review mainly focuses on the updated progress in TENGs for both high performance energy conversion and self‐powered electrochemical systems in application such as water splitting, sea water desalination, air pollution cleaning, degradation of organic pollutant, collecting of heavy metal ions and many more. The idea of performing electrochemistry without using an external power could be useful for large‐scale application in environmental science.
13The <scp>M</scp> icrobial <scp>E</scp> fficiency‐ <scp>M</scp> atrix <scp>S</scp> tabilization ( <scp>MEMS</scp> ) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?OpenAlex
M. Francesca Cotrufo, Matthew D. Wallenstein, Claudia M. Boot, et al.
The decomposition and transformation of above- and below-ground plant detritus (litter) is the main process by which soil organic matter (SOM) is formed. Yet, research on litter decay and SOM formation has been largely uncoupled, failing to provide an effective nexus between these two fundamental processes for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and storage. We present the current understanding of the importance of microbial substrate use efficiency and C and N allocation in controlling the proportion of plant-derived C and N that is incorporated into SOM, and of soil matrix interactions in controlling SOM stabilization. We synthesize this understanding into the Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework. This framework leads to the hypothesis that labile plant constituents are the dominant source of microbial products, relative to input rates, because they are utilized more efficiently by microbes. These microbial products of decomposition would thus become the main precursors of stable SOM by promoting aggregation and through strong chemical bonding to the mineral soil matrix.
14Cost increase in the electricity supply to achieve carbon neutrality in ChinaOpenAlex
Zhenyu Zhuo, Ershun Du, Ning Zhang, et al.
The Chinese government has set long-term carbon neutrality and renewable energy (RE) development goals for the power sector. Despite a precipitous decline in the costs of RE technologies, the external costs of renewable intermittency and the massive investments in new RE capacities would increase electricity costs. Here, we develop a power system expansion model to comprehensively evaluate changes in the electricity supply costs over a 30-year transition to carbon neutrality. RE supply curves, operating security constraints, and the characteristics of various generation units are modelled in detail to assess the cost variations accurately. According to our results, approximately 5.8 TW of wind and solar photovoltaic capacity would be required to achieve carbon neutrality in the power system by 2050. The electricity supply costs would increase by 9.6 CNY¢/kWh. The major cost shift would result from the substantial investments in RE capacities, flexible generation resources, and network expansion.
15Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019OpenAlex
Gregory A. Roth, George A. Mensah, Catherine O. Johnson, et al.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
16A Second Environmental Science: Human-Environment InteractionsOpenAlex
Paul C. Stern
Concerned scientists recently signed a World Scientists Warning to Humanity that advocates policies necessary to change a collision course with the natural world that human activities are engendering. The document calls for an end to population growth and poverty and it predicts conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. A second environmental science is needed that focuses on human-environment interactions by analyzing: 1) forces behind those human activities that are major contributors to environmental degradation 2) how environmental degradation affects human well-being and 3) the most effective interventions for changing environmentally destructive activities. The US releases almost 30 times as much carbon dioxide per capita as India; 1 years natural population increase in the US (1.3 million) adds about twice as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as 1 years natural increase in India (18 million). Basic as well as applied research is proceeding on human-environment interaction with significant progress made in understanding how people perceive environmental risks; how we manage common-property resources such as fisheries grasslands and the atmosphere; what brought about anthropogenic environmental changes in the past; public concern about the environment; and the economic forces affecting natural resource availability. The scientific study of human-environmental interactions can advance human knowledge correct misconceptions and inform vital policy decisions. The National Research Councils recommendations for global change research are appropriate for other areas of human-environmental science. Such a program could attack the intertwined problems of training careers institution and community building and the development of a basic human-environmental science and could induce universities to become actively involved.
17Aggregation-induced emissionOpenAlex
Yuning Hong, Jacky W. Y. Lam, Ben Zhong Tang
Luminogenic materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) attributes have attracted much interest since the debut of the AIE concept in 2001. In this critical review, recent progress in the area of AIE research is summarized. Typical examples of AIE systems are discussed, from which their structure-property relationships are derived. Through mechanistic decipherment of the photophysical processes, structural design strategies for generating new AIE luminogens are developed. Technological, especially optoelectronic and biological, applications of the AIE systems are exemplified to illustrate how the novel AIE effect can be utilized for high-tech innovations (183 references).
18Assessing the energy transition in China towards carbon neutrality with a probabilistic frameworkOpenAlex
Shu Zhang, Wenying Chen
of negative emissions, and synergistically reducing approximately 80% of local air pollutants compared to the present level in 2050. The emission peak time and cumulative carbon budget have significant impacts on the decarbonization pathways, technology choices, and transition costs. Early peaking reduces welfare losses and prevents overreliance on carbon removal technologies. Technology breakthroughs, production and consumption pattern changes, and policy enhancement are urgently required to achieve carbon neutrality.