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  3. 硫化物固态电解质界面稳定性提升策略综述

硫化物固态电解质界面稳定性提升策略综述

文献检索匿名用户发表于 2026年05月21日 17:099阅读
检索问题

针对硫化物固态电解质界面不稳定,目前有哪些涂层、掺杂、缓冲层、人工 SEI、复合电解质和压力调控策略?请整理每类策略的作用机制、代表文献、性能改善证据、局限性和放大应用难点。要求有引用。

硫化物固态电解质(Sulfide Solid Electrolytes, SSEs)因其高离子电导率、宽电化学窗口和良好的机械性能,被认为是下一代全固态锂电池(All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries, ASSLBs)最有前景的候选材料之一 。然而,硫化物固态电解质与电极之间,尤其是与高压氧化物正极和锂金属负极之间的界面不稳定性,是阻碍其商业化应用的关键挑战 。这种不稳定性主要表现为界面副反应、空间电荷层效应、物理接触不良以及锂枝晶生长等问题,导致界面阻抗高、容量衰减快和安全隐患 。

为了解决这些界面问题,研究人员提出了多种策略,主要包括涂层、掺杂、缓冲层、人工SEI、复合电解质和压力调控。以下将详细阐述每类策略的作用机制、代表文献、性能改善证据、局限性和放大应用难点。

1. 涂层策略 (Coating Strategy)

涂层策略通过在电极材料表面沉积一层或多层稳定材料,以隔离电极和硫化物电解质,抑制直接的界面反应,并可能促进锂离子传输。

作用机制: 涂层材料通常具有化学惰性、电化学稳定性、电子绝缘性以及良好的锂离子传导性。这些涂层可以物理隔离活性电极材料和硫化物电解质,避免二者直接接触引发的副反应,如硫化物电解质的氧化分解 。同时,一些涂层材料本身也具备较高的锂离子电导率,有助于维持界面处的离子传输,甚至通过调节界面的锂离子分布来抑制副反应的发生 。

代表文献:

  • TiNb₂O₇涂层 (正极): Sun et al. 提出了一种在LiNi₀.₆Mn₀.₂Co₀.₂O₂单晶正极表面涂覆TiNb₂O₇的方法 。
  • Li₁₄Al₀.₄Ti₁.₆(PO₄)₃ (LATP) 磷酸盐涂层 (正极): Li et al. 在单晶LiNi₀.₆Co₀.₂Mn₀.₂O₂颗粒表面构建了纳米级LATP磷酸盐涂层 。
  • Zr和Mo氧化物涂层 (正极): Lim and Park 通过前驱体表面改性方法在LiNi₀.₆Co₀.₂Mn₀.₂O₂正极表面引入Zr和Mo涂层 。
  • 硫蒸汽处理/Li₃PO₄涂层 (正极): Jang et al. 通过升华硫蒸汽反应在正极表面形成含硫副产物涂层,并结合Li₃PO₄涂层 。
  • Li₂O涂层 (正极): Yang et al. 通过调节LiCoO₂正极的表面碱性,将表面碱基从Li₂CO₃转化为Li₂O,形成Li₂O涂层 。

性能改善证据:

  • TiNb₂O₇涂层: 采用TiNb₂O₇涂层和Ti掺杂的LiNi₀.₆Mn₀.₂Co₀.₂O₂(DC-TNO@SCNCM)正极在4.4 V高截止电压下循环140次后,容量保持率达到92.2%,表现出优异的循环稳定性 。TiNb₂O₇涂层具有热力学/电化学稳定性及电子绝缘性,有效避免了硫化物电解质的分解 。
  • LATP涂层: LATP改性正极的全固态电池展现出152.1 mAh g⁻¹的初始放电容量,可接受的倍率性能,并在0.1 C下循环100次后容量保持率达87.6% 。LATP涂层具有固有的高压稳定性,能够有效抑制电解质的氧化分解,并对氧化物正极和Li₁₀SnP₂S₁₂电解质保持化学惰性 。
  • Zr和Mo涂层: Zr和Mo改性LiNi₀.₆Co₀.₂Mn₀.₂O₂正极的复合电极表现出增强的电化学性能,电池的阻抗值和电极上不良反应产物的形成均减少 。
  • 硫蒸汽处理/Li₃PO₄涂层: 硫蒸汽处理后的正极相比原始正极表现出更好的电化学性能,结合Li₃PO₄涂层可进一步提升性能。硫处理增强了正极表面与硫化物电解质的化学兼容性,改善了界面稳定性并促进了锂离子在循环过程中的迁移 。
  • Li₂O涂层: LCO@Li₂O-2正极展现出138.4 mAh·g⁻¹的放电容量(0.2C)、105 mAh·g⁻¹的放电容量(2C),并在0.5C下循环150次后容量保持率达到95.4%,显著优于LCO@Li₂CO₃和裸LCO电极 。

局限性:

  • 均匀性与覆盖率: 涂层厚度和均匀性难以精确控制,过厚可能增加界面阻抗,不均匀可能导致局部区域仍存在界面反应 。
  • 离子传输路径: 一些涂层材料本身可能锂离子电导率不高,反而阻碍锂离子传输,需要仔细选择材料和优化厚度 。
  • 机械稳定性: 涂层在电池循环过程中可能因电极体积变化而开裂或脱落,导致保护失效 。
  • 化学兼容性: 即使是稳定的涂层,也可能与电解质或电极存在化学势差异,导致锂离子在界面处分布不均,影响迁移 。

放大应用难点:

  • 成本与复杂性: 精密涂层工艺通常成本较高且复杂,难以大规模生产 。例如,原子层沉积(ALD)等技术虽然能实现超薄均匀涂层,但成本高昂。
  • 材料选择: 寻找兼具高离子电导率、化学稳定性、电子绝缘性和良好机械性能的理想涂层材料仍具挑战性。
  • 涂层对能量密度的影响: 涂层会增加活性材料的非活性组分比例,可能降低电池的能量密度。

2. 掺杂策略 (Doping Strategy)

掺杂策略通过在电极材料或电解质中引入少量杂质元素,以改变材料的晶体结构、电子性质或离子传导路径,从而改善界面稳定性。

作用机制:

  • 电极材料掺杂: 掺杂可以稳定电极材料的晶格氧,抑制在高电压下电极材料的分解和活性氧的释放,从而减少与硫化物电解质的界面副反应 。例如,强Ti-O键能够稳定晶格氧,避免其进一步电化学氧化硫化物电解质形成含氧化硫和磷物质 。
  • 电解质材料掺杂: 掺杂可以优化电解质的结构,提高其离子电导率,如F掺杂到Li₁₀SnP₂S₁₂中可以减少杂质并产生Li⁺空位,从而提高离子电导率 。

代表文献:

  • Ti掺杂 (正极): Sun et al. 在LiNi₀.₆Mn₀.₂Co₀.₂O₂单晶正极中掺杂Ti元素 。
  • F掺杂 (电解质): Jiang et al. 采用F掺杂优化Li₁₀SnP₂S₁₂的结构,制备了Li₉.₉₅SnP₂S₁₁.₉₅F₀.₀₅电解质 。
  • Fe掺杂 (负极/电解质): Kreissl et al. 研究了Fe掺杂对SnO₂、ZnO等转换/合金负极以及Li₆PS₅Cl电解质界面降解的影响,发现Fe掺杂会加剧Li₆PS₅Cl在负极的分解 。

性能改善证据:

  • Ti掺杂: Ti掺杂的LiNi₀.₆Mn₀.₂Co₀.₂O₂(SCNCM)单晶正极通过形成强Ti-O键稳定晶格氧,结合TiNb₂O₇涂层,使电池在4.4 V高截止电压下展现出优异的循环稳定性 。
  • F掺杂: F掺杂的Li₉.₉₅SnP₂S₁₁.₉₅F₀.₀₅(LSPSF)电解质表现出6.4 mS cm⁻¹的高离子电导率,这是由于F掺杂减少了杂质Li₂SnS₃并产生了Li⁺空位 。
  • Fe掺杂对降解的影响: Fe取代会加剧Li₆PS₅Cl在负极处分解为LiCl、Li₂S和Li₃P,提示在选择掺杂元素时需要考虑其对界面化学稳定性的影响 。

局限性:

  • 掺杂量控制: 掺杂量需要精确控制,过量可能导致新的副反应或降低材料性能。
  • 元素选择: 并非所有元素都适合掺杂,需考虑元素的离子半径、电负性、氧化还原电位等因素,避免引入电子导电性或新的界面不稳定性。
  • 机制复杂性: 掺杂通常会同时影响材料的多个性质,如结构、离子电导率和电子电导率,理解其综合作用机制需要深入研究。

放大应用难点:

  • 工艺复杂性: 精确控制掺杂过程,尤其是在大规模生产中,可能增加工艺复杂性和成本。
  • 长期稳定性: 掺杂对材料长期稳定性的影响需要充分评估,一些掺杂可能在长期循环中失效或引发新的问题。

3. 缓冲层策略 (Buffer Layer Strategy)

缓冲层(也常被称为界面层或中间层)是一种介于电极和硫化物电解质之间的独立薄层,旨在改善界面接触、抑制副反应并促进离子传输。缓冲层与涂层类似,但通常强调其作为独立的界面组件的功能,可能通过原位形成或预制沉积。

作用机制: 缓冲层通常具有以下功能:

  1. 物理隔离: 阻止电极材料与硫化物电解质直接接触,减少界面副反应。
  2. 离子传导: 提供快速的锂离子传导通道,降低界面阻抗。
  3. 机械缓冲: 吸收电极在充放电过程中的体积变化,维持稳定的固-固接触 。
  4. 抑制锂枝晶: 对于锂金属负极,缓冲层可以抑制锂枝晶的形成和生长,提高电池安全性 。

代表文献:

  • Li₆PS₅I (LPSI) 玻璃陶瓷中间层 (负极): Jiang et al. 采用LPSI玻璃陶瓷中间层增强硫化物电解质Li₉.₉₅SnP₂S₁₁.₉₅F₀.₀₅与锂金属负极之间的界面稳定性 。
  • Fe₇S₈@C 复合正极通过渗透法引入溶解性硫化物电解质 (正极): Xi et al. 通过渗透法将溶解性硫化物电解质引入到MOF衍生的Fe₇S₈@C复合正极中,形成快速离子传输网络 。
  • 压锂铝箔 (MP-Al-H) 作为负极的2D界面 (负极): Fan et al. 使用机械预锂化铝箔作为负极,形成2D界面与硫化物电解质接触 。
  • BaTiO₃ (BTO) 纳米纤维 (电解质/锂负极): Tao et al. 将压电/铁电BaTiO₃纳米纤维掺入固态电解质中,以调节锂枝晶的形核和生长 。

性能改善证据:

  • LPSI中间层: LPSI中间层通过抑制Sn⁴⁺阳离子的还原,增强了硫化物电解质与锂金属的界面稳定性。采用LPSI中间层的ASSLMBs展现出高初始放电容量和出色的循环稳定性 。
  • 溶解性硫化物电解质渗透: 渗透法制备的IN-Fe₇S₈基电池在0.045 mA cm⁻²、30 °C下循环180次后,可逆容量达到510 mAh g⁻¹ 。溶解性电解质易于渗透多孔正极,形成均匀接触和快速离子传输网络 。
  • MP-Al-H负极: MP-Al-H负极展现出卓越的锂离子传导动力学和与Li₆PS₅Cl、Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂电解质的稳定界面兼容性。对称电池在7.5 mA cm⁻²高电流密度下工作,并在1 mA cm⁻²下持续超过1500小时。使用MP-Al-H||LPSCl||LiCoO₂全电池在300次循环后容量保持率接近100% 。
  • BaTiO₃纳米纤维: 固态电解质中加入10% BTO的ASSLBs在1 C下循环500次后,可逆容量为103.2 mAh g⁻¹,具有稳定和长循环寿命,并显示出对硫化物电解质的普适性 。BTO的压电效应减小了高曲率处枝晶生长的驱动力,而铁电性降低了过电位,有助于规范锂沉积和Li⁺通量 。

局限性:

  • 厚度与均匀性: 缓冲层的厚度、致密性和均匀性对性能至关重要,过厚或不均匀都可能影响性能。
  • 材料兼容性: 缓冲层材料需与电极和电解质均有良好的化学和机械兼容性。
  • 界面阻抗: 缓冲层本身也可能引入额外的界面阻抗,需要精心设计以确保其不成为离子传输的瓶颈。

放大应用难点:

  • 制备工艺: 大面积、均匀、致密的缓冲层制备工艺可能复杂且成本高昂,尤其对于多孔电极的渗透式缓冲层。
  • 长期稳定性: 缓冲层在长期充放电循环过程中是否能保持其完整性和功能性,仍需更多研究。
  • 能量密度: 缓冲层作为非活性材料,其引入可能会降低电池的能量密度。

4. 人工 SEI 策略 (Artificial SEI Strategy)

人工固态电解质界面(Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase, Artificial SEI)策略旨在通过在电极表面预先构建一层稳定的、离子导电的界面层,模拟天然SEI的功能,但具有更可控和优化的性能。这种策略主要应用于锂金属负极,以解决锂枝晶生长和界面不稳定问题。

作用机制: 人工SEI通常设计为具有以下特性:

  1. 高锂离子电导率: 确保锂离子能够快速通过,减少界面阻抗。
  2. 电子绝缘性: 阻止电子通过,避免电解质的持续分解。
  3. 良好的机械强度和韧性: 能够承受锂在充放电过程中的体积变化,抑制锂枝晶生长和穿透 。
  4. 化学稳定性: 对电极和电解质均具有良好的化学兼容性,避免进一步的副反应。

代表文献:

  • 粘性硫化物固态电解质界面 (负极): Jiang et al. 设计了一种由热熔粘合剂多孔膜支撑的粘性固态电解质膜,用于负极保护 。虽然文献中未直接使用“人工SEI”术语,但其设计理念与人工SEI通过界面层稳定锂金属负极相符。
  • LiMg合金负极 (负极): Aspinall et al. 提出使用富锂镁合金作为负极,通过调节镁含量,改善了剥离容量并抑制了降解过程,这也可以看作是一种优化界面特性的方式,尽管不完全是典型的“人工SEI” 。

性能改善证据:

  • 粘性电解质界面: 基于粘性电解质层的锂对称电池和全固态电池均表现出增强的长期循环稳定性和抑制的电压极化。剥离强度测试证实,带有粘合剂组分的电解质层能够提供紧密的锂金属/电解质物理接触,并承受锂负极的体积变化 。
  • LiMg合金负极: 含有1%镁的合金负极对称电池在2.5 MPa和30 °C下显示出比纯锂和高镁含量合金更高的剥离容量,通过平衡镁增加的硬度、刚度、粘附性和抗蠕变性与锂扩散率的降低,实现了更好的接触保持性 。

局限性:

  • 均匀性和致密性: 人工SEI层的均匀性和致密性是确保其功能发挥的关键。
  • 长期稳定性: 人工SEI在长期的充放电循环中能否保持其完整性和稳定性,以及是否会与电极或电解质发生新的副反应,是重要挑战。
  • 机械性能: 需要兼具韧性和强度的机械性能,以适应锂金属负极的体积变化。

放大应用难点:

  • 制备技术: 高质量、低成本的人工SEI层的大规模制备方法仍需开发。
  • 组装兼容性: 人工SEI层需要与电池的其他组分(电极、电解质、集流体)良好兼容,并能承受电池组装过程中的压力。

5. 复合电解质策略 (Composite Electrolyte Strategy)

复合电解质策略通常指将两种或多种不同类型的电解质材料(例如硫化物与聚合物或氧化物)结合起来,以取长补短,实现更优异的综合性能。在本文中,主要聚焦于硫化物电解质与其他组分的复合,以改善界面。

作用机制: 复合电解质可以结合不同材料的优点,例如:

  1. 硫化物高离子电导率: 提供快速的锂离子传输通道 。
  2. 聚合物柔韧性: 改善与电极的物理接触,缓冲体积变化,减少界面阻抗 。
  3. 氧化物界面稳定性: 提高硫化物电解质在高压正极侧的电化学稳定性。
  4. 抑制锂枝晶: 通过形成更稳定的界面,抑制锂枝晶生长 。

代表文献:

  • 聚合物/石榴石复合固态电解质中引入BaTiO₃纳米纤维 (负极): Tao et al. 将压电/铁电BaTiO₃纳米纤维掺入聚氧化乙烯(PEO)/石榴石固态电解质中,以调节锂枝晶的形核和生长 。
  • 溶解性硫化物电解质渗透到复合正极中 (正极): Xi et al. 通过渗透法将溶解性硫化物电解质引入MOF衍生的Fe₇S₈@C复合正极中,形成复合正极-电解质界面 。

性能改善证据:

  • PEO/石榴石/BTO复合电解质: 包含10% BTO添加剂的PEO/石榴石固态电解质在1 C下循环500次后,具有103.2 mAh g⁻¹的可逆容量,展现出稳定和长循环寿命。BTO的压电和铁电效应有效调节了锂枝晶的形核和生长 。
  • 溶解性硫化物电解质复合正极: IN-Fe₇S₈基电池在0.045 mA cm⁻²、30 °C下循环180次后,可逆容量达到510 mAh g⁻¹。溶解性电解质能更好地浸润多孔正极,形成均一的接触和快速的离子传输网络,从而改善复合界面的性能 。

局限性:

  • 组分兼容性: 不同组分之间的化学和物理兼容性是一个挑战,可能发生副反应或相分离。
  • 优化复杂性: 复合材料的组成、结构和形貌需要复杂的多参数优化。
  • 界面阻抗: 复合材料内部以及与电极的界面处可能引入新的阻抗。

放大应用难点:

  • 制备工艺: 复合电解质的均匀混合和成型,尤其是在大尺寸电池中,仍然面临挑战。
  • 成本: 引入额外材料和复杂工艺可能增加制造成本 。

6. 压力调控策略 (Pressure Regulation Strategy)

压力调控策略利用外部施加的机械压力来改善固-固界面的物理接触,从而降低界面阻抗并优化电池性能。这对于全固态电池,特别是硫化物基电池,至关重要。

作用机制:

  1. 改善物理接触: 固态材料之间缺乏润湿性,易形成空隙和接触不良。施加压力可以使电极和电解质颗粒更紧密地接触,增加有效接触面积,降低界面阻抗 。
  2. 提高致密性: 压力有助于提高电解质层和复合电极的致密性,减少孔隙,形成更连续的离子传输路径 。
  3. 抑制锂枝晶: 对于锂金属负极,施加适当压力可以抑制锂枝晶的生长,防止其穿透电解质 。
  4. 影响离子电导率: 某些硫化物电解质的离子电导率可能受压力的影响,但并非总是正向的 。

代表文献:

  • 压延工艺对Li₃PS₄和Li₆PS₅Cl隔膜的影响: Heck et al. 研究了线载荷、辊周向速度和辊温度对浆料基Li₃PS₄和Li₆PS₅Cl隔膜压延致密化的影响 。
  • 堆叠压力对硫化物基全固态电池性能的影响: Doux et al. 详细研究了在电池制造和测试阶段施加不同压力对电池性能的影响 。
  • 冷压法制备致密电解质和紧密接触界面: Hayashi et al. 指出硫化物电解质具有良好的成型性,可以通过冷压实现“室温烧结”,形成致密的电解质隔膜和与活性材料颗粒紧密连接的界面 。
  • 恒定压力下的转换/合金负极循环: Kreissl et al. 在40 MPa的恒定压力下评估了四种转换/合金活性材料的倍率性能和长期循环稳定性 。
  • LiMg合金负极在2.5 MPa压力下测试: Aspinall et al. 在2.5 MPa和30 °C的压力下对LiMg合金负极对称电池进行了电化学测试 。

性能改善证据:

  • 压延工艺: Li₆PS₅Cl隔膜比Li₃PS₄更适合压延,具有更好的机械稳定性。压延后所有隔膜都显示出Li₆PS₅Cl颗粒破碎,但随着堆叠压力的增加,离子电导率有所提高 。
  • 堆叠压力: Doux et al. 的研究表明,电池制造过程中使用的压力是电池性能的关键因素,控制堆叠压力对于确保硫化物基全固态电池的可靠运行是必要的 。他们的结果解释了文献中硫化物基固态电解质离子电导率值存在差异的原因 。
  • 冷压“室温烧结”: 硫化物电解质通过冷压可以形成致密的电解质隔膜和与活性材料颗粒紧密连接的界面,从而提高可逆容量 。
  • LiMg合金负极: 1%镁含量的合金负极在2.5 MPa下对称电池的剥离容量增加,这得益于其在放电时更好的接触保持性 。

局限性:

  • 最佳压力范围: 存在一个最佳压力范围,过高压力可能导致电解质颗粒破碎或电池组件变形,而过低压力则无法保证良好接触 。
  • 长期稳定性: 电池在长期循环过程中,电极体积变化可能导致界面压力分布不均,或使电极与电解质之间脱离接触 。
  • 材料变形: 不同材料在压力下的变形行为不同,可能导致不均匀的压力分布和界面失效 。
  • 离子电导率的复杂性: 并非所有硫化物电解质的离子电导率都随压力单调增加,有时甚至会下降,这可能与材料的变形行为有关 。

放大应用难点:

  • 电池设计: 设计能够持续维持最佳压力的电池结构,以适应充放电过程中的体积变化,是工程上的挑战。
  • 成本与复杂性: 维持高压可能需要额外的结构支撑,增加电池的重量、体积和成本。
  • 制造过程: 在大规模生产中,精确地控制压力的施加和维持,以及评估其对电池整体性能的影响,需要精密的制造和测试技术。

总结

硫化物固态电解质界面的不稳定性是全固态电池发展中的核心问题。目前研究提出的涂层、掺杂、缓冲层、人工SEI、复合电解质和压力调控等策略,都旨在从不同角度解决这一问题,并已取得显著进展。

  • 涂层和缓冲层 主要通过物理隔离和界面保护来抑制副反应,同时改善离子传输。它们的挑战在于材料选择、均匀覆盖、长期稳定性和对能量密度的影响 。
  • 掺杂 策略通过微调材料内在性质来提升电极稳定性或电解质离子电导率,但需精确控制掺杂量和避免引入负面效应 。
  • 人工SEI 专注于锂金属负极的界面稳定,通过预构筑稳定界面层来抑制锂枝晶和体积变化,其制备工艺和长期稳定性是关键 。
  • 复合电解质 旨在结合多种材料的优势,但需要克服组分间的兼容性和优化复杂性 。
  • 压力调控 是一种直接且有效的改善物理接触的方法,但挑战在于如何设计结构以在循环过程中维持最佳且均匀的压力,以及理解压力对不同材料的复杂影响 。

每种策略都有其独特的作用机制和优势,但也伴随着各自的局限性和放大应用难点。未来,结合多种策略(例如表面-体相协同改性 ,涂层与掺杂结合,或人工SEI与压力调控结合)有望提供更全面的解决方案。同时,先进表征技术的应用对于深入理解界面行为至关重要,如原位差分相位衬度扫描透射电子显微镜(DPC-STEM)和有限元模拟等,可以帮助揭示空间电荷层效应和优化界面设计 。最终目标是开发出兼具高能量密度、高安全性、长循环寿命和低成本的全固态锂电池,以满足日益增长的能源存储需求。

References

1Surface‐to‐Bulk Synergistic Modification of Single Crystal Cathode Enables Stable Cycling of Sulfide‐Based All‐Solid‐State Batteries at 4.4 VOpenAlex

Nan Sun, Yajie Song, Qingsong Liu, et al.
Abstract The interfacial stability between sulfide solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) and high voltage Ni‐rich oxide cathodes is critical to the electrochemical performances of all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs), yet it is challenging to solve the interface issues by surface coating modification. Here, a surface‐to‐bulk synergistic modification is proposed to achieve a highly stable interface through the combination of TiNb 2 O 7 ‐coated and Ti‐doped LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 single crystals (DC‐TNO@SCNCM). The TiNb 2 O 7 coating layer with thermodynamic/electrochemical stability and electronic insulation avoids the decomposition of SSEs. The strong TiO bond in SCNCM achieved by Ti doping can stabilize lattice oxygen and avoid further electrochemically oxidizing sulfide electrolytes to form oxygenated sulfurous and phosphorous species. The modified DC‐TNO@SCNCM cathode exhibits excellent long‐cycle stability with a capacity retention rate of 92.2% after 140 cycles at a high cut‐off voltage of 4.4 V. This surface‐to‐bulk synergistic modification strategy provides a new perspective for the design of high‐voltage sulfide‐based ASSBs.

2In-situ visualization of the space-charge-layer effect on interfacial lithium-ion transport in all-solid-state batteriesOpenAlex

Longlong Wang, Ruicong Xie, Bingbing Chen, et al.
Abstract The space charge layer (SCL) is generally considered one of the origins of the sluggish interfacial lithium-ion transport in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). However, in-situ visualization of the SCL effect on the interfacial lithium-ion transport in sulfide-based ASSLIBs is still a great challenge. Here, we directly observe the electrode/electrolyte interface lithium-ion accumulation resulting from the SCL by investigating the net-charge-density distribution across the high-voltage LiCoO 2 /argyrodite Li 6 PS 5 Cl interface using the in-situ differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) technique. Moreover, we further demonstrate a built-in electric field and chemical potential coupling strategy to reduce the SCL formation and boost lithium-ion transport across the electrode/electrolyte interface by the in-situ DPC-STEM technique and finite element method simulations. Our findings will strikingly advance the fundamental scientific understanding of the SCL mechanism in ASSLIBs and shed light on rational electrode/electrolyte interface design for high-rate performance ASSLIBs.

3The Contact Interface Engineering of All‐Sulfide‐Based Solid State Batteries via Infiltrating Dissoluble Sulfide ElectrolyteOpenAlex

Lei Xi, Yu Li, Dechao Zhang, et al.
All‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) based on sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) are one of the most promising strategies for next‐generation energy storage systems and electronic devices. However, the poor chemical/electrochemical stability of sulfide SEs with oxide cathode materials and high interfacial impedance, particularly due to physical contact failure, are the major limiting factors to the development of sulfide SEs in ASSLBs. Herein, the composite cathode of MOF‐derived Fe 7 S 8 @C and Li 6 PS 5 Br fabricated by an infiltration method (IN–Fe 7 S 8 ) with dissoluble sulfide electrolyte (dissoluble SE) is reported. Dissoluble SE can easily infiltrate the porous sheet‐type Fe 7 S 8 @C cathode to homogeneously contact with Fe 7 S 8 nanoparticles that are embedded in the surrounding carbon matrixes and form a fast ionic transport network. Benefiting from applying dissoluble SE and Fe 7 S 8 @C, the IN‐Fe 7 S 8 ‐based cells displayed a reversible capacity of 510 mAh g −1 after 180 cycles at 0.045 mA cm −2 at 30 °C. This work demonstrates a novel and practical method for the development of high‐performance all‐sulfide‐based solid state batteries.

4Opportunities and Challenges of Calendering Sulfide‐Based Separators for Solid‐State BatteriesOpenAlex

Carina Amata Heck, Timon Scharmann, Markus Osenberg, et al.
Abstract Continuous densification procedures such as calendering are crucial for sulfide‐based solid‐state batteries to realize industry‐relevant processing. Therefore, in this study, the impact of line load, roller circumferential speed and roll temperature on slurry‐based Li 3 PS 4 and Li 6 PS 5 Cl separators compacted by a lab‐calender installed in an argon‐gas‐filled glovebox was investigated. While the Li 3 PS 4 layers became fragile in calendered state, the tested Li 6 PS 5 Cl separators were more suitable for calendering due to better mechanical stability. Besides basic analysis of, for example, density, length expansion, pore size distribution and specific ionic conductivity of the Li 6 PS 5 Cl separators, 3D images of the structures were generated based on images obtained by synchrotron tomography. Here, all calendered separators showed particle breakage of the Li 6 PS 5 Cl. A slight decrease of the specific ionic conductivity with increased applied line load or pressure was observed for calendering and uniaxial pressing, respectively. However, an increase in the conductivity was obtained for an increase in the stack pressure. In addition to poorer contact with the metal current collectors at low stack pressure, it is assumed that a spring back effect after densification could negatively affect the microstructure of the separator. These results highlight that a densification of binder‐based Li 6 PS 5 Cl separators does not necessarily result in improved ionic conductivity probably due to the individual deformation behavior of the materials used.

5Development of Sulfide Solid Electrolytes and Interface Formation Processes for Bulk-Type All-Solid-State Li and Na BatteriesOpenAlex

Akitoshi Hayashi, Atsushi Sakuda, Masahiro Tatsumisago
All-solid-state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes are recognized as an ultimate goal of rechargeable batteries because of their high safety, versatile geometry and good cycle life. Compared to thin-film batteries, increasing the reversible capacity of bulk-type all-solid-state batteries using electrode active material particles is difficult because contact areas at solid–solid interfaces between the electrode and electrolyte particles are limited. Sulfide solid electrolytes have several advantages of high conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and appropriate mechanical properties such as formability, processability, and elastic modulus. Sulfide electrolyte with Li7P3S11 crystal has the highest Li+ ion conductivity of 1.7 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 25 °C. It is far beyond the Li+ ion conductivity of conventional organic liquid electrolytes. The Na+ ion conductivity of 7.4 × 10-4 S cm-1 is achieved for Na3.06P0.94Si0.06S4 with cubic structure. Moreover, formation of favorable solid–solid interfaces between electrode and electrolyte is important for realizing solid-state batteries. Sulfide electrolytes have better formability than oxide electrolytes. Consequently, a dense electrolyte separator and closely attached interfaces with active material particles are achieved via “room-temperature sintering” of sulfides merely by cold pressing without heat treatment. Elastic moduli for sulfide electrolytes are smaller than that of oxide electrolytes, and Na2S-P2S5 glass electrolytes have smaller Young’s modulus than Li2S-P2S5 electrolytes. Cross-sectional SEM observations for a positive electrode layer reveal that sulfide electrolyte coating on active material particles increases interface areas even with a minimum volume of electrolyte, indicating that the energy density of bulk-type solid-state batteries is enhanced. Both surface coating of electrode particles and preparation of nanocomposite are effective for increasing the reversible capacity of the batteries. Our approaches to form solid–solid interfaces are demonstrated.

6Robust Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>I Interlayer to Stabilize the Tailored Electrolyte Li<sub>9.95</sub>SnP<sub>2</sub>S<sub>11.95</sub>F<sub>0.05</sub>/Li Metal InterfaceOpenAlex

Zhao Jiang, Zhongxu Li, Xiuli Wang, et al.
All-solid-state lithium-metal batteries (ASSLMBs) with sulfide electrolytes have attracted attention owing to their superior safety and high energy density. However, interfacial instability of sulfide electrolytes against Li metal still hinders their applications. Herein, F-doping is adopted to optimize the structure of Li10SnP2S12. It is demonstrated that the Li9.95SnP2S11.95F0.05 (LSPSF) electrolyte exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 6.4 mS cm–1 because of F-doping, which can reduce the impurity Li2SnS3 and generate Li+ vacancies. In addition, the Li6PS5I (LPSI) glass–ceramic interlayer is employed to enhance the interfacial stability between the sulfide electrolyte and Li metal by restraining the reduction of Sn4+ cations, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As a result, the assembled ASSLMBs with the LPSI interlayer deliver high initial discharge capacity and remarkable cycling stability. This work provides a new design route for manufacturing high-performance ASSLMBs.

7Effect of Pressure on Sulfide Based All Solid-State BatteriesOpenAlex

Jean‐Marie Doux, Abhik Banerjee, Xuefeng Wang, et al.
All solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are predicted to be the next generation of lithium ion batteries with their wider operating temperature range, higher energy density, and improved safety compared to conventional liquid electrolyte-based batteries. For sulfide-based solid-state batteries, the most common form factor is the stacked pellet type cells consisting of the following layers: a cathode composite, a thick solid-electrolyte, and an anode, all of which are kept under pressure to ensure proper contact. Although this pressure is mandatory for battery operation, there have been no detailed studies of the actual effect of the stack pressure on battery performance nor any indication of an ideal applied load. In this work, we have studied in detail the effect of varying the applied pressure at two stages: during cell fabrication and cell testing. Our results explain discrepancies for ionic conductivity values found in literature for sulfide-based solid-state electrolytes. This study suggests that the pressure used to fabricate the cell is a critical factor for cell performance and also that controlling the stack pressure is necessary to ensure reliable operation of sulfide-based solid-state batteries.

8Interfaces Between Cathode and Electrolyte in Solid State Lithium Batteries: Challenges and PerspectivesOpenAlex

Kaihui Nie, Yanshuai Hong, Jiliang Qiu, et al.
Solid state lithium batteries are widely accepted as promising candidates for next generation of various energy storage devices with the probability to realize improved energy density and superior safety performances. However, the interface between electrode and solid electrolyte remain a key issue that hinders practical development of solid state lithium batteries. In this review, we specifically focus on the interface between solid electrolytes and prevailing cathodes. The basic principles of interface layer formation are summarized and three kinds of interface layers can be categorized. For typical solid state lithium batteries, a most common and daunting challenge is to achieve and sustain intimate solid-solid contact. Meanwhile, different specific issues occur on various types of solid electrolytes, depending on the intrinsic properties of adjacent solid components. Our discussion mostly involves following electrolytes, including solid polymer electrolyte, inorganic solid oxide and sulfide electrolytes as well as composite electrolytes. The effective strategies to overcome the interface instabilities are also summarized. In order to clarify interfacial behaviors fundamentally, advanced characterization techniques with time, and atomic-scale resolution are required to gain more insights from different perspectives. And recent progresses achieved from advanced characterization are also reviewed here. We highlight that the cooperative characterization of diverse advanced characterization techniques is necessary to gain the final clarification of interface behavior, and stress that the combination of diverse interfacial modification strategies is required to build up decent cathode-electrolyte interface for superior solid state lithium batteries.

9Single‐Crystal‐Layered Ni‐Rich Oxide Modified by Phosphate Coating Boosting Interfacial Stability of Li<sub>10</sub>SnP<sub>2</sub>S<sub>12</sub>‐Based All‐Solid‐State Li BatteriesOpenAlex

Xiaohua Li, Zhao Jiang, Dan Cai, et al.
Abstract All‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) adopting sulfide electrolytes and high‐voltage layered oxide cathodes have moved into the mainstream owing to their superior safety and immense potential in high energy density. However, the poor electrochemical compatibility between oxide cathodes and sulfide electrolytes remains a challenge for high‐performance ASSLBs. In this study, a nanoscale Li 1.4 Al 0.4 Ti 1.6 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) phosphate coating is reasonably constructed on the surface of single‐crystal LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 particles to achieve cathode/electrolyte interfacial stability. The conformal LATP layer with inherent high‐voltage stability can effectively suppress the oxidation decomposition of the electrolyte and demonstrate chemical inertness to both the oxide cathode and Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 electrolyte. ASSLBs with an LATP‐modified cathode exhibited a high initial discharge capacity (152.1 mAh g −1 ), acceptable rate capability, and superior cycling performance with a capacity retention of 87.6% after 100 cycles at 0.1 C. Interfacial modification is an effective approach for achieving high‐performance sulfide‐based ASSLBs with superior interfacial stability.

10Long‐Cycling All‐Solid‐State Batteries Achieved by 2D Interface between Prelithiated Aluminum Foil Anode and Sulfide ElectrolyteOpenAlex

Zengjie Fan, Bing Ding, Zhiwei Li, et al.
Abstract All‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) with alloy anodes are expected to achieve high energy density and safety. However, the stability of alloy anodes is largely impeded by their large volume changes during cycling and poor interfacial stability against solid‐state electrolytes. Here, a mechanically prelithiation aluminum foil (MP‐Al‐H) is used as an anode to construct high‐performance ASSBs with sulfide electrolyte. The dense Li–Al layer of the MP‐Al‐H foil acts as a prelithiated anode and forms a 2D interface with sulfide electrolyte, while the unlithiated Al layer acts as a tightly bound current collector and ensures the structural integrity of the electrode. Remarkably, the MP‐Al‐H anode exhibits superior lithium conduction kinetics and stable interfacial compatibility with Li 6 PS 5 Cl (LPSCl) and Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 electrolytes. Consequently, the symmetrical cells using LPSCl electrolyte can work at a high current density of 7.5 mA cm −2 and endure for over 1500 h at 1 mA cm −2 . Notably, ≈100% capacity is retained for the MP‐Al‐H||LPSCl||LiCoO 2 full cell with high area loadings of 18 mg cm −2 after 300 cycles. This work offers a pathway to improve the interfacial and performance issues for the application of ASSBs.

11Implementation of Different Conversion/Alloy Active Materials as Anodes for Lithium-Based Solid-State BatteriesOpenAlex

Julian Jakob Alexander Kreissl, Hoang Anh Dang, Boris Mogwitz, et al.
To complement or outperform lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolyte as energy storage devices, a high-energy as well as high-power anode material must be used in solid-state batteries. An overlooked class of anode materials is the one of conversion/alloy active materials (e.g., SnO2, which is already extensively studied in liquid electrolyte-based batteries). Conversion/alloy active materials offer high specific capacities and often also fast lithium-ion diffusion and reaction kinetics, which are required for high C-rates and application in high-energy and high-power devices such as battery electric vehicles. To date, there are only very few reports on conversion/alloy active materials─namely, SnO2─as anode material in sulfide-based solid-state batteries, with a relatively complex electrode design. Otherwise, conversion-alloy active materials are used as a seed layer or interlayer for a homogeneous Li deposition or to mitigate the formation and growth of the SEI, respectively. Within this work, four different conversion/alloy active materials─SnO2, Sn0.9Fe0.1O2, ZnO, and Zn0.9Fe0.1O─are synthesized and incorporated as negative active materials (“anodes”) in composite electrodes into SSBs with Li6PS5Cl as solid electrolyte. The structure and the microstructure of the as-synthesized active materials and composite electrodes are investigated by XRD, SEM, and FIB-SEM. All active materials are evaluated based on their C-rate performance and long-term cyclability by galvanostatic cycling under a constant pressure of 40 MPa. Furthermore, light is shed on the degradation processes that take place at the interface between the active material and solid electrolyte. It is evidenced that the decomposition of Li6PS5Cl to LiCl, Li2S, and Li3P at the anode is amplified by Fe substitution. Lastly, a 2D sheet electrode is designed and cycled to tackle the interfacial degradation processes. This approach leads to an improved C-rate performance (factor of 3) as well as long-term cyclability (factor of 2.3).

12A Performance and Cost Overview of Selected Solid-State Electrolytes: Race between Polymer Electrolytes and Inorganic Sulfide ElectrolytesOpenAlex

Duygu Karabelli, Kai Peter Birke, Max Weeber
Electrolytes are key components in electrochemical storage systems, which provide an ion-transport mechanism between the cathode and anode of a cell. As battery technologies are in continuous development, there has been growing demand for more efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly materials. Solid-state lithium ion batteries (SSLIBs) are considered as next-generation energy storage systems and solid electrolytes (SEs) are the key components for these systems. Compared to liquid electrolytes, SEs are thermally stable (safer), less toxic and provide a more compact (lighter) battery design. However, the main issue is the ionic conductivity, especially at low temperatures. So far, there are two popular types of SEs: (1) inorganic solid electrolytes (InSEs) and (2) polymer electrolytes (PEs). Among InSEs, sulfide-based SEs are providing very high ionic conductivities (up to 10−2 S/cm) and they can easily compete with liquid electrolytes (LEs). On the other hand, they are much more expensive than LEs. PEs can be produced at less cost than InSEs but their conductivities are still not sufficient for higher performances. This paper reviews the most efficient SEs and compares them in terms of their performances and costs. The challenges associated with the current state-of-the-art electrolytes and their cost-reduction potentials are described.

13Regulating surface base of LiCoO <sub>2</sub> to inhibit side reactions between LiCoO <sub>2</sub> and sulfide electrolyteOpenAlex

Kai Yang, Rongzheng Tian, Zhenyu Wang, et al.
Abstract The interface instability between layered oxide cathode and sulfide electrolyte is a key point affecting the performance of sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state lithium batteries. Coating with fast‐ionic conductor and constructing core–shell structure can effectively alleviate the interfacial side reactions and improve the interfacial stability between layered oxide and sulfide electrolyte. However, what have been neglected is the surface base (including Li 2 CO 3 and LiOH) of layered oxide can also affect the interfacial stability. To clarify this point clearly and improve the interfacial stability, the surface base of LiCoO 2 (LCO) is regulated and investigated in this work. First, LCO with surface base Li 2 CO 3 (LCO@Li 2 CO 3 ) is prepared by the reaction of Co 3 O 4 and excess Li 2 CO 3 . Then, the bare LCO is obtained after LCO@Li 2 CO 3 is washed with deionized water and calcined again. Besides, LCO with surface base Li 2 O (LCO@Li 2 O) is also prepared with the bare LCO and LiOH. As a result, the electrochemical performances of LCO@Li 2 O are significantly improved and much higher than those of LCO@Li 2 CO 3 and the bare LCO electrodes. In particular, LCO@Li 2 O‐2 cathode display the most outstanding electrochemical performances (discharge capacity 138.4 mAh·g −1 at 0.2C, 105 mAh·g −1 at 2C and a capacity retention of 95.4% after 150 cycles at 0.5C). The high discharge capacity and excellent cycle stability of LCO@Li 2 O electrode confirm the effectiveness of regulating the surface base of layered oxide from Li 2 CO 3 to Li 2 O. The surface base regulating is expected to be a simple but effective strategy to construct the stable interface between the cathode and the sulfide electrolyte of the all‐solid‐state lithium batteries.

14Adhesive Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Interface for Lithium Metal BatteriesOpenAlex

Wei Jiang, Lijing Yan, Xiaomin Zeng, et al.
All solid-state Li metal batteries have drawn extensive attention because of the limited side reaction and consequent safety character. The applications of Li metal anodes are indispensable for realizing high energy density but still face many obstacles. One of the critical issues is the contact failure of the solid/solid interface. The rigid interface between a sulfide electrolyte and Li anode cannot afford the volume variation during cycling. Herein, we design an adhesive solid-state electrolyte film, which is supported by hot melt adhesive porous membranes for anode protection. The Li symmetric cells and all solid-state batteries based on adhesive electrolyte layers all exhibit enhanced long cyclic stability and suppressed voltage polarization. The peel strength tests confirm that the electrolyte layers decorated with adhesive components can offer intimate Li metal/electrolyte physical contact and withstand the volume variation of the Li anode. The adhesion force from porous membranes is believed to play a vital role in maintaining solid-solid interfacial contact stability. This work gives a new insight for interface engineering in all solid-state Li metal batteries.

15Sulfide and Oxide Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Batteries: A ReviewOpenAlex

M. V. Reddy, C. Julien, A. Mauger, et al.
Energy storage materials are finding increasing applications in our daily lives, for devices such as mobile phones and electric vehicles. Current commercial batteries use flammable liquid electrolytes, which are unsafe, toxic, and environmentally unfriendly with low chemical stability. Recently, solid electrolytes have been extensively studied as alternative electrolytes to address these shortcomings. Herein, we report the early history, synthesis and characterization, mechanical properties, and Li+ ion transport mechanisms of inorganic sulfide and oxide electrolytes. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of the fabrication technology and experimental conditions, such as the effects of pressure and operating parameters, on the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state Li batteries. In particular, we emphasize promising electrolyte systems based on sulfides and argyrodites, such as LiPS5Cl and β-Li3PS4, oxide electrolytes, bare and doped Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet, NASICON-type structures, and perovskite electrolyte materials. Moreover, we discuss the present and future challenges that all-solid-state batteries face for large-scale industrial applications.

16Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fundamentals, Challenges and PerspectivesOpenAlex

Wenjia Zhao, Yi Jin, Ping He, et al.
Abstract With the rapid popularization and development of lithium-ion batteries, associated safety issues caused by the use of flammable organic electrolytes have drawn increasing attention. To address this, solid-state electrolytes have become the focus of research for both scientific and industrial communities due to high safety and energy density. Despite these promising prospects, however, solid-state electrolytes face several formidable obstacles that hinder commercialization, including insufficient lithium-ion conduction and surge transfer impedance at the interface between solid-state electrolytes and electrodes. Based on this, this review will provide an introduction into typical lithium-ion conductors involving inorganic, organic and inorganic–organic hybrid electrolytes as well as the mechanisms of lithium-ion conduction and corresponding factors affecting performance. Furthermore, this review will comprehensively discuss emerging and advanced characterization techniques and propose underlying strategies to enhance ionic conduction along with future development trends. Graphical Abstract

17Artificial Byproduct Coatings through a Sublimated Sulfur Vapor Reaction to Enhance the Stability of Cathode/Sulfide Electrolyte InterfacesOpenAlex

Dae Ik Jang, Hwicheol Ko, Jesik Park, et al.
Cathodes in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) can be coated with stable materials (such as oxides) to mitigate unfavorable interfacial reactions with the sulfide electrolyte. However, the chemical potential difference between these coating materials and the electrolyte leads to a nonuniform distribution of Li+ ions at the interface and impedes their mobility. In this study, we create a thin, uniform layer of sulfur-containing byproducts by reacting sublimated sulfur vapor with the cathode surface to minimize interfacial side reactions. The cathodes treated with sulfur vapor exhibited better electrochemical performance than pristine cathodes. The electrochemical properties could be further enhanced when the sulfur treatment was combined with Li3PO4 coating. The sulfur treatment can enhance the chemical compatibility between the cathode surface and sulfide electrolyte, thereby improving the interfacial stability and facilitating Li+ ion migration during cycling. This study presents a promising method for stabilizing the cathode/sulfide electrolyte interface, potentially accelerating the practical adoption of ASSBs.

18Combating Li metal deposits in all-solid-state battery via the piezoelectric and ferroelectric effectsOpenAlex

Jianming Tao, Yue Chen, Aman Bhardwaj, et al.
All-solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLBs) are highly desirable, due to their inherent safety and high energy density; however, the irregular and uncontrolled growth of Li filaments is detrimental to interfacial stability and safety. Herein, we report on the incorporation of piezo-/ferroelectric BaTiO 3 (BTO) nanofibers into solid electrolytes and determination of electric-field distribution due to BTO inclusion that effectively regulates the nucleation and growth of Li dendrites. Theoretical simulations predict that the piezoelectric effect of BTO embedded in solid electrolyte reduces the driving force of dendrite growth at high curvatures, while its ferroelectricity reduces the overpotential, which helps to regularize Li deposition and Li + flux. Polarization reversal of soft solid electrolytes was identified, confirming a regular deposition and morphology alteration of Li. As expected, the ASSLBs operating with LiFePO 4 /Li and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/garnet solid electrolyte containing 10% BTO additive showed a steady and long cycle life with a reversible capacity of 103.2 mAh g −1 over 500 cycles at 1 C. Furthermore, the comparable cyclability and flexibility of the scalable pouch cells prepared and the successful validation in the sulfide electrolytes, demonstrating its universal and promising application for the integration of Li metal anodes in solid-state batteries.

19The impact of magnesium content on lithium-magnesium alloy electrode performance with argyrodite solid electrolyteOpenAlex

Jack Aspinall, K. Sada, Hua Guo, et al.
Abstract Solid-state lithium-based batteries offer higher energy density than their Li-ion counterparts. Yet they are limited in terms of negative electrode discharge performance and require high stack pressure during operation. To circumvent these issues, we propose the use of lithium-rich magnesium alloys as suitable negative electrodes in combination with Li 6 PS 5 Cl solid-state electrolyte. We synthesise and characterise lithium-rich magnesium alloys, quantifying the changes in mechanical properties, transport, and surface chemistry that impact electrochemical performance. Increases in hardness, stiffness, adhesion, and resistance to creep are quantified by nanoindentation as a function of magnesium content. A decrease in diffusivity is quantified with 6 Li pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, and only a small increase in interfacial impedance due to the presence of magnesium is identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which is correlated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of magnesium aids contact retention on discharge, but this must be balanced against a decrease in lithium diffusivity. We demonstrate via electrochemical testing of symmetric cells at 2.5 MPa and 30 ∘ C that 1% magnesium content in the alloy increases the stripping capacity compared to both pure lithium and higher magnesium content alloys by balancing these effects.

20Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of All-Solid-State Batteries Using a Surface-Modified LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 CathodeOpenAlex

Chung Bum Lim, Yong Joon Park
Undesirable interfacial reactions between the cathode and sulfide electrolyte deteriorate the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state cells based on sulfides, presenting a major challenge. Surface modification of cathodes using stable materials has been used as a method for reducing interfacial reactions. In this work, a precursor-based surface modification method using Zr and Mo was applied to a LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 cathode to enhance the interfacial stability between the cathode and sulfide electrolyte. The source ions (Zr and Mo) coated on the precursor-surface diffused into the structure during the heating process, and influenced the structural parameters. This indicated that the coating ions acted as dopants. They also formed a homogenous coating layer, which are expected to be layers of Li-Zr-O or Li-Mo-O, on the surface of the cathode. The composite electrodes containing the surface-modified LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 powders exhibited enhanced electrochemical properties. The impedance value of the cells and the formation of undesirable reaction products on the electrodes were also decreased due to surface modification. These results indicate that the precursor-based surface modification using Zr and Mo is an effective method for suppressing side reactions at the cathode/sulfide electrolyte interface.
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