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绘画有关治愈大脑
绘画和艺术疗法在脑部疾病和创伤后的治疗中展现出显著的治愈潜力，主要通过改善认知功能、促进情绪表达、以及可能引发大脑的结构和功能重组来实现。
绘画与大脑功能及结构
绘画作为一种艺术形式，涉及复杂的大脑活动，对认知、运动和情感功能都有影响。研究表明，绘画与描摹（tracing）在健康受试者中会激活不同的大脑区域。与描摹相比，绘画能在大脑的右侧小脑I区、双侧前补充运动区（pre-SMA）、右侧背侧前运动皮层和右侧额叶眼区产生更大的激活，这些区域通常与认知挑战、注意力和记忆等任务相关 。描摹则更多地激活纹状体和纹外视觉区域 。
艺术活动，包括绘画，能够刺激大脑并促进神经可塑性，即大脑形成新连接、激活新通路和启动次级通路的能力 。在视觉艺术活动中，大脑区域表现出特定的功能组织 。
艺术疗法在特定神经系统疾病中的应用
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帕金森病 (PD)：
- 一项对18名帕金森病患者进行的观察性研究显示，经过20次艺术疗法治疗后，患者在Navon测试、眼动追踪和UPDRS（统一帕金森病评定量表）评分方面均有所改善 。
- 该研究还发现，艺术疗法后，患者大脑V1和V2视觉网络区域的功能连接水平显著增加，表明视觉网络的功能重组 。
- 这提示艺术疗法可以改善帕金森病患者的整体视觉认知技能、视觉探索策略以及一般运动功能 。
- 帕金森病患者在描摹和绘画方面表现出障碍，其中描摹障碍被认为与外部线索运动（偏好小脑和前运动回路）有关，而绘画障碍与内部生成运动（招募基底神经节、前补充运动皮层和背外侧前额叶皮层）有关 。一些研究还指出，帕金森病治疗有时会增加创造力 。
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阿尔茨海默病 (AD)：
- 阿尔茨海默病是一种主要影响老年人的器质性脑疾病 。
- 艺术疗法或日常绘画可以帮助阿尔茨海默病患者，尽管存在认知障碍，也能构建象征性物品或类似物，从而帮助他们重拾生活意义 。
- 当无法通过唤起真实物体来进行象征化时，意义可以通过具象维度来构建，即用一个类比物来替代已经失去或缺失的、过于痛苦而无法再次唤起的物体 。
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额颞叶痴呆 (FTD)：
- 额颞叶痴呆，有时与运动神经元疾病（FTD-MND）结合，常与创造性工作之间存在关联 。
- 有报道称，FTD患者可能出现“从头开始”的艺术活动，即新的艺术创造力在疾病发生时或之后出现 。
- 一项系统回顾发现，在22名FTD(-MND)患者中，创造力发生在疾病发病时（41%）或发病后（59%），中位数滞后时间为两年 。另有5名患者在痴呆症状开始前8年左右就发展出新的艺术活动 。
- 艺术活动通常会随着时间推移达到表现高峰，随后下降，并因疾病进展中的身体障碍而进一步受阻 。
- 早期，描绘的主题和物体通常具体而现实，但在后期可能会变得更加抽象或象征性 。
- 这种新兴的艺术过程可能在疾病早期发生，似乎是内心生活的表达，也可能反映了一种补偿或“自我疗愈”的尝试 。
- 视觉、听觉或运动皮层等初级新皮层区域的相对保留，可能使得在关联皮层区域和皮层下深部中枢神经系统结构退化的情况下，艺术活动得以发展 。
- 理解个体功能丧失和创造能力之间的差异，对于实施以看护者为导向的个性化艺术疗法策略至关重要 。
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脑损伤/中风后的绘画障碍与修复：
- 脑损伤后，无论是左半球还是右半球的损伤，都可能导致包括绘画和图形复制在内的视空间建构技能缺陷 。
- 右半球，特别是顶叶皮层，被认为是获取准确空间关系的关键，而左半球则对有效组织（即执行功能）很重要 。
- 然而，最新的研究挑战了右半球主导视空间建构能力的模型，表明图形复制是一项复杂的任务，依赖于涉及两个半球的大规模神经网络 。
- 对50名中风患者（23名左脑损伤LBD，27名右脑损伤RBD）绘画立方体和星星的定量分析显示，忽略症状（即缺少左侧细节）与上颞回和缘上回的损伤有关 。
- 如果排除左侧遗漏，LBD和RBD患者之间没有发现显著差异，尽管左侧忽略的存在似乎夸大了错误，但这仅对星星绘画的比例错误显著 。
- 在一项早期的研究中，左脑损伤患者（LBD）的绘画总体上比右脑损伤患者（RBD）的更受损 。RBD绘画表现出偏侧空间忽略和空间关系受损 。LBD绘画则被简化，并表现出低级的执行错误 。病变大小与RBD的绘画障碍显著相关，但与LBD无关 。LBD的偏瘫严重程度与绘画障碍显著相关 。
- 中风患者在绘画中的建构性错误可能包括遗漏、变形、尺寸错误、忽略暖色和固执 。
- 一项研究发现，结合棱镜适应（PA）和连续θ爆发经颅磁刺激（cTBS）对中风后伴有忽略和绘画建构性错误的患者进行康复治疗，可以显著改善绘画中的建构性错误和忽略症状 。遗漏、忽略暖色和变形是最常见的错误类型 。这表明忽略和康复治疗会影响中风患者的绘画系统，两种方法都能改善绘画中的建构性错误和忽略症状 。
- 脑损伤和脑震荡后，患者可能出现表达性语言困难，艺术疗法可以通过视觉艺术形式帮助患者、健康专业人员和家庭成员进行沟通，使不可见的神经学后果变得可见 。这种视觉表达有助于识别和治疗被忽视或漏诊的症状，如混乱、恐惧、局部疼痛、情绪不稳、体温和食欲失调、前庭和本体感受障碍以及昼夜节律睡眠障碍等 。研究支持通过客户图像进行沟通可以加速愈合并改善整体健康状况的观点 。
艺术疗法对精神健康的普遍益处
- 艺术疗法被认为是应对各种年龄相关神经精神疾病（如精神分裂症、焦虑症和抑郁症）的非药物疗法之一 。
- 它有助于改善老年患者的认知和行为症状，尽管其确切的神经机制尚未完全明确 。
- 艺术疗法可以减轻心理困扰并促进老年人的心理健康 。
- 博物馆环境中的艺术疗法提供了一个独特的治疗场所，可以帮助那些通常回避治疗的个体释放被压抑的情绪，发现自我表达的方式，从而减少焦虑并促进社会归属感 。
- 艺术疗法和心理疗法在促进创造力方面的研究相对较少，但保持创造性动机有助于所有患者（不限于艺术家或研究人员）的创造力和幸福感 。
愈合过程中的相关概念
虽然不是直接关于绘画，但愈合的概念也与生物学防御系统、凝血、先天免疫和纤维化过程密切相关 。巨噬细胞在组织修复中扮演积极角色，当正常修复失败时，会导致纤维化，影响全球近十亿人 。研究通过单细胞转录组学揭示了健康和纤维化微环境中巨噬细胞的异质性，以及在炎症到纤维化进展过程中巨噬细胞-成纤维细胞协同作用的途径 。基于巨噬细胞活动调节的治疗干预正在被提出 。
自体血小板浓缩物（APC）在牙槽骨保存（ARP）中作为单一生物材料的应用显示出改善软组织和硬组织愈合、减少拔牙后疼痛的潜力 。血小板、血浆生物分子和纤维蛋白基质的再生潜力被利用于开发自体血小板和血浆衍生产物（APPDPs），旨在增强受损组织的自然体内再生能力 。然而，APPDPs的组成、应用方式以及体外与体内评估都可能影响组织愈合过程 。
绘画在某些语境下也可以指代图形生成或数据可视化，例如在单细胞RNA测序（scRNA-seq）数据分析中，从fastq数据集处理到绘制图表和生成轨迹图，都是理解细胞群体异质性和细胞类型间相互作用的关键步骤 。这虽然不是艺术疗法中的绘画，但体现了“绘制”作为一种可视化和理解复杂信息的手段。
结论
绘画和艺术疗法对大脑的治愈作用是多方面的，尤其体现在神经系统疾病和创伤后康复中。它不仅能够改善具体的认知和运动功能，还能为患者提供情感表达的出口，促进大脑功能重组，从而提升整体生活质量和心理健康。未来的研究需要更深入地探索艺术疗法背后的生物学机制和神经过程，以进一步优化其在临床上的应用 。
References
1Art therapy for Parkinson's disease.PubMed
Alberto Cucca, Alessandro Di Rocco, Ikuko Acosta, et al.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021 Mar;84:148-154. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.01.013. Epub 2021 Jan 23.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential rehabilitative effect of art therapy and its underlying mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: Observational study of eighteen patients with PD, followed in a prospective, open-label, exploratory trial. Before and after twenty sessions of art therapy, PD patients were assessed with the UPDRS, Pegboard Test, Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Modified Fatigue Impact Scale and PROMIS-Self-Efficacy, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT), Benton Visual Recognition Test (BVRT), Navon Test, Visual Search, and Stop Signal Task. Eye movements were recorded during the BVRT. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) was also performed to assess functional connectivity (FC) changes within the dorsal attention (DAN), executive control (ECN), fronto-occipital (FOC), salience (SAL), primary and secondary visual (V1, V2) brain networks. We also tested fourteen age-matched healthy controls at baseline. RESULTS: At baseline, PD patients showed abnormal visual-cognitive functions and eye movements. Analyses of rs-fMRI showed increased functional connectivity within DAN and ECN in patients compared to controls. Following art therapy, performance improved on Navon test, eye tracking, and UPDRS scores. Rs-fMRI analysis revealed significantly increased FC levels in brain regions within V1 and V2 networks. INTERPRETATION: Art therapy improves overall visual-cognitive skills and visual exploration strategies as well as general motor function in patients with PD. The changes in brain connectivity highlight a functional reorganization of visual networks.
2The spatial and temporal activation of macrophages during fibrosis.PubMed
Jacques Behmoaras, Kevin Mulder, Florent Ginhoux, et al.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2025 Nov;25(11):816-830. doi: 10.1038/s41577-025-01186-x. Epub 2025 Jun 4.
Macrophages are active participants of tissue repair and when normal repair processes fail, fibrosis can ensue, which leads to major organ dysfunction and affects nearly a billion people worldwide. Here we focus on macrophages in the spatiotemporal control of fibrosis, drawing on our understanding of the roles of these cells in organogenesis, adult organ homeostasis and wound repair. We describe recent insights from single-cell transcriptomics studies of human and mouse tissues that reveal macrophage heterogeneity in healthy and fibrotic niches, as well as the pathways underlying macrophage-fibroblast cooperation during progression from inflammation to fibrosis. Finally, we propose a model to explain how macrophage activity over time and across different tissues controls tissue fibrosis, we discuss therapeutic initiatives based on regulation of macrophage activity and we recommend future research directions.
3Autologous platelet concentrates in alveolar ridge preservation: A systematic review with meta-analyses.PubMed
Sayed Ahmad Manoetjer Siawasch, Jize Yu, Ana B Castro, et al.
Periodontol 2000. 2025 Feb;97(1):104-130. doi: 10.1111/prd.12609. Epub 2024 Sep 30.
In order to evaluate the therapeutic advantages of various autologous platelet concentrates (APC) as a single biomaterial during alveolar ridge preservation (ARP), a systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were screened for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were released prior to 2024. The selected papers compared an APC with either unassisted healing (blood clot) or another biomaterial during ARP (third molars were not included). The outcome parameters included alveolar bone dimension alterations, soft tissue healing, and post-op pain intensity. The search yielded 35 papers (33 studies), one applying platelet-rich plasma (PRP), six using plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), and 28 using leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). These studies showed a large heterogeneity (e.g., outcome parameters, timing, surgical approach, and inclusion criteria), which hindered drawing strong conclusions. In most studies, however, ARP with PRP, PRGF, and L-PRF alone produced faster soft tissue healing, less post-extraction pain, less alveolar ridge resorption, more socket bone fill, and a higher bone density when compared to unassisted (spontaneous) healing. The ultimate benefit appears to be significantly influenced by the surgical approach. Limited literature exists comparing APC with other biomaterials for ARP, resulting in inconclusive data. APC application for ARP is a promising strategy to improve soft and hard tissue healing and reduce post-extraction pain.
4Differentiation between external and internal cuing: an fMRI study comparing tracing with drawing.PubMed
E Gowen, R C Miall
Neuroimage. 2007 Jun;36(2):396-410. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.005. Epub 2007 Mar 20.
Externally cued movement is thought to preferentially involve cerebellar and premotor circuits whereas internally generated movement recruits basal ganglia, pre-supplementary motor cortex (pre-SMA) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Tracing and drawing are exemplar externally and internally guided actions and Parkinson's patients and cerebellar patients show deficits in tracking and drawing, respectively. In this study we aimed to examine this external/internal distinction in healthy subjects using functional imaging. Ten healthy subjects performed tracing and drawing of simple geometric shapes using pencil and paper while in a 3-T fMRI scanner. Results indicated that compared to tracing, drawing generated greater activation in the right cerebellar crus I, bilateral pre-SMA, right dorsal premotor cortex and right frontal eye field. Tracing did not recruit any additional activation compared to drawing except in striate and extrastriate visual areas. Therefore, drawing recruited areas more frequently associated with cognitively challenging tasks, attention and memory, but basal ganglia and cerebellar activity did not differentiate tracing from drawing in the hypothesised manner. As our paradigm was of a simple, repetitive and static design, these results suggest that the task familiarity and the temporal nature of visual feedback in tracking tasks, compared to tracing, may be important contributing factors towards the degree of cerebellar involvement. Future studies comparing dynamic with static external cues and visual feedback may clarify the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in the visual guidance of drawing actions.
5Arts, Brain and Cognition.PubMed
Vida Demarin, Marina Roje Bedeković, Marijana Bosnar Puretić, et al.
Psychiatr Danub. 2016 Dec;28(4):343-348.
Art is a product of human creativity; it is a superior skill that can be learned by study, practice and observation. Modern neuroscience and neuroimaging enable study of the processes during artistic performance. Creative people have less marked hemispheric dominance. It was found that the right hemisphere is specialized for metaphoric thinking, playfulness, solution finding and synthesizing, it is the center of visualization, imagination and conceptualization, but the left hemisphere is still needed for artistic work to achieve balance. A specific functional organization of brain areas was found during visual art activities. Marked hemispheric dominance and area specialization is also very prominent for music perception. Brain is capable of making new connections, activating new pathways and unmasking secondary roads, it is "plastic". Music is a strong stimulus for neuroplasticity. fMRI studies have shown reorganization of motor and auditory cortex in professional musicians. Other studies showed the changes in neurotransmitter and hormone serum levels in correlation to music. The most prominent connection between music and enhancement of performance or changing of neuropsychological activity was shown by studies involving Mozart's music from which the theory of "The Mozart Effect" was derived. Results of numerous studies showed that listening to music can improve cognition, motor skills and recovery after brain injury. In the field of visual art, brain lesion can lead to the visuospatial neglect, loss of details and significant impairment of artistic work while the lesions affecting the left hemisphere reveal new artistic dimensions, disinhibit the right hemisphere, work is more spontaneous and emotional with the gain of artistic quality. All kinds of arts (music, painting, dancing...) stimulate the brain. They should be part of treatment processes. Work of many artists is an excellent example for the interweaving the neurology and arts.
6Healing or Not Healing.PubMed
Sabino Padilla, Mikel Sanchez, Ione Padilla, et al.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2016;17(5):419-30. doi: 10.2174/138920101705160303163524.
Healing process might be considered as a byproduct of the mechanisms underlying the biological defense system consisting of hemostasis and clotting, the innate immune system, and fibrogenesis. But there is no biological process that does not potentially entail high costs through trade-offs with other life-history parameters and that might be seen as collateral damage. Depending on the balance among the robust and flexible modular defense system, which will be deployed in many different arrays, the structural outcome of the healing process will not resolve with a unitary outcome. Drawing on the regenerative potential of platelets, plasma biomolecules and fibrin matrix, several systems of producing autologous platelets-and plasma derived products (APPDPs) have been developed and aimed at enhancing the natural in vivo tissue regenerative capacity of damaged tissues. Despite the care with which the medical staff elaborate and apply autologous platelets-and plasma derived products, some pitfalls arise regarding the composition of autologous plasma-and platelet derived products, the modalities of their application, and the in vitro versus in vivo evaluations, all of which can deeply influence tissue healing - a process which is already unpredictable, without a unitary mechanism that might be deployed in many different structural and functional arrays which culminate in the tissue repair. A biological approach to the application of autologous platelets-and plasma derived products is crucial to obtaining optimum functional healing outcomes in addition to avoiding poor clinical results and reaching misleading conclusions.
7Raphael at the Temple.PubMed
Gleeson Rebello, Benjamin Joseph
J Pediatr Orthop. 2021 Apr 1;41(4):e353-e355. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001758.
Raphael, in his painting "Healing of the Lame Man" shows one lame man encountering St. Peter and St. John while another lame man waits his turn. Children with unusually muscular bodies are also depicted in the painting. The possible causes of lameness in the men and muscle hypertrophy in the children are discussed.
8Representational drawing following brain injury.PubMed
Linda Carson, Alexandre Filipowicz, Britt Anderson, et al.
Neuropsychologia. 2019 Oct;133:107154. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107154. Epub 2019 Aug 6.
Research has shown that damage to either the left or right hemisphere can lead to deficits in visuoconstructional skills including drawing and figure copying. Nevertheless, research would suggest that the nature of the deficits arising from left and right brain injury are distinct in nature if not severity, with the right hemisphere, and parietal cortex specifically, seen as critical for obtaining accurate spatial relations and the left hemisphere important for effective organisation (i.e., executive function). Much of this work on drawing and figure copying following brain damage has rested on qualitative assessments or crude marking scales with descriptive anchors for what constitutes good or poor performance. We employed quantitative analyses of drawings developed to assess accuracy in novice and expert artists. We analyzed drawings of a cube and a star in 50 patients (23, left brain damaged: LBD; 27 right brain damaged: RBD) who had suffered strokes. Our analysis was sensitive to the presence of neglect on the cube (i.e., missing left sided details) with voxel-wise lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) highlighting involvement of expected brain regions (superior temporal and supramarginal gyri). With left-sided omissions removed from analyses, we failed to find any difference between LBD and RBD patients. While the presence of left neglect appeared to exaggerate errors, this was only significant for errors of scale and proportion for the star drawing. VLSM of the distinct error domains demonstrated white matter involvement (and a minor contribution from the right insula) with respect to scale errors of the cube only. Finally, blinded judgements of hemisphere of lesion based on qualitative assessment of the drawings were no better than chance. These results suggest that figure copying is a complex task relying on large scale neural networks involving both hemispheres. Clearly, models of visuoconstructional capacity that emphasise right hemisphere dominance are not entirely accurate.
9Paintable Bioactive Extracellular Vesicle Ink for Wound Healing.PubMed
Li Li, Zhiyu Wang, Kepeng Wang, et al.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023 May 31;15(21):25427-25436. doi: 10.1021/acsami.3c03630. Epub 2023 May 19.
The treatment of cutaneous wounds involving complex biological processes has become a significant public health concern worldwide. Here, we developed an efficient extracellular vesicle (EV) ink to regulate the inflammatory microenvironment and promote vascular regeneration for wound healing. The technology, termed portable bioactive ink for tissue healing (PAINT), leverages bioactive M2 macrophage-derived EVs (EV) and a sodium alginate precursor, forming a biocompatible EV-Gel within 3 min after mixing, enabling it to be smeared on wounds in situ to meet diverse morphologies. The bioactive EV reprogram macrophage polarization and promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, thereby effectively regulating inflammation and enhancing angiogenesis in wounds. Through integration with a 3D printing pen, the platform enables EV-Gel to be applied to wound sites having arbitrary shapes and sizes with geometric matches for tissue repairment. When evaluated using a mouse wound model, PAINT technology accelerates cutaneous wound healing by promoting the angiogenesis of endothelial cells and the polarization of macrophages to M2 phenotype in vivo, demonstrating the high potential of bioactive EV ink as a portable biomedical platform for healthcare.
10[Understanding the suffering of the elderly].PubMed
Philippe Thomas, Gérard Chandès, Cyril Hazif-Thomas
Soins Gerontol. 2019 Jul-Aug;24(138):28-31. doi: 10.1016/j.sger.2019.04.011.
Alzheimer's disease is an organic disease of the brain affecting mainly elderly people. Drawing on patients' imaginations on a daily basis or art therapy allow them, despite the cognitive impairments, to construct symbolic objects, analogues, to help give back meaning to their life. If the use of symbolisation when evoking the real object is not possible, the meaning is therefore constructed using the figurative dimension, an analogue substituting the lost and absent object, too painful to evoke again.
11Practical Compass of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis.PubMed
Hiroyuki Okada, Ung-Il Chung, Hironori Hojo
Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2024 Oct;22(5):433-440. doi: 10.1007/s11914-023-00840-4. Epub 2023 Nov 29.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review paper provides step-by-step instructions on the fundamental process, from handling fastq datasets to illustrating plots and drawing trajectories. RECENT FINDINGS: The number of studies using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is increasing. scRNA-seq revealed the heterogeneity or diversity of the cellular populations. scRNA-seq also provides insight into the interactions between different cell types. User-friendly scRNA-seq packages for ligand-receptor interactions and trajectory analyses are available. In skeletal biology, osteoclast differentiation, fracture healing, ectopic ossification, human bone development, and the bone marrow niche have been examined using scRNA-seq. scRNA-seq data analysis tools are still being developed, even at the fundamental step of dataset integration. However, updating the latest information is difficult for many researchers. Investigators and reviewers must share their knowledge of in silico scRNA-seq for better biological interpretation. This review article aims to provide a useful guide for complex analytical processes in single-cell RNA-seq data analysis.
12Update on negative-pressure wound therapy.PubMed
Dennis P Orgill, Lauren R Bayer
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Jan;127 Suppl 1:105S-115S. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318200a427.
BACKGROUND: Over the last 15 years, negative-pressure wound therapy has become commonly used for treatment of a wide variety of complex wounds. There are now several systems marketed, and additional products will be available in the near future. Many clinicians have noted a dramatic response when negative-pressure wound therapy technology has been used, prompting a number of scientific investigations related to its mechanism of action and clinical trials determining its efficacy. METHODS: The peer-reviewed literature within the past 5 years was reviewed, using an evidence-based approach. RESULTS: Negative-pressure wound therapy works through mechanisms that include fluid removal, drawing the wound together, microdeformation, and moist wound healing. Several randomized clinical trials support the use of negative-pressure wound therapy in certain wound types. Serious complications, including bleeding and infection, have recently been reported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in a small number of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Negative-pressure wound therapy has dramatically changed the way complex wounds are treated. The rapid introduction of this technology has occurred faster than large-scale randomized controlled studies or registry studies have been conducted. Further clinical studies and basic science studies will help surgeons to better understand the evidence and use this technology in the future.
13Emergent creativity in frontotemporal dementia.PubMed
Felix Geser, Kurt A Jellinger, Lisa Fellner, et al.
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2021 Mar;128(3):279-293. doi: 10.1007/s00702-021-02325-z. Epub 2021 Mar 12.
Numerous papers report on connections between creative work and dementing illness, particularly in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which may combine with motor neuron disease (FTD-MND). However, the emergence of FTD(-MND) patients' de novo artistic activities is rarely reported and underappreciated. Therefore, the present review summarizes relevant case studies' outcomes, capturing creativity's multifaceted nature. Here, we systematically searched for case reports by paying particular attention to the chronological development of individual patients' clinical symptoms, signs, and life events. We synoptically compared the various art domains to the pattern of brain atrophy, the clinical and pathological FTD subtypes. 22 FTD(-MND) patients were identified with creativity occurring either at the same time (41%) or starting after the disease onset (59%); the median lag between the first manifestation of disease and the beginning of creativity was two years. In another five patients, novel artistic activity was developed by a median of 8 years before the start of dementia symptoms. Artistic activity usually evolved over time with a peak in performance, followed by a decline that was further hampered by physical impairment during disease progression. Early on, the themes and objects depicted were often concrete and realistic, but they could become more abstract or symbolic at later stages. Emergent artistic processes may occur early on in the disease process. They appear to be a communication of inner life and may also reflect an attempt of compensation or "self-healing". The relative preservation of primary neocortical areas such as the visual, auditory, or motor cortex may enable the development of artistic activity in the face of degeneration of association cortical areas and subcortical, deeper central nervous system structures. It is crucial to understand the differential loss of function and an individual's creative abilities to implement caregiver-guided, personalized therapeutic strategies such as art therapy.
14Museums and art therapy: A bibliometric analysis of the potential of museum art therapy.PubMed
Zhizi Wei, Chaofang Zhong
Front Psychol. 2022 Nov 22;13:1041950. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041950. eCollection 2022.
In this paper, the current promotion of art therapy in museum development and the potential value of the combination of museum and art therapy on mental health are explored. Individuals who usually evade any treatment may experience art therapy in a museum setting as a release from their suppressed emotions. Furthermore, art therapy may enable them to discover how to express themselves, thereby reducing anxiety and promoting a sense of social belonging, which may be unattainable in other healing settings. Moreover, this literature review afforded us a preliminary understanding of issues in museum education and art therapy, which require further examination, including implications for China's museum art therapy in practice and future research directions.
15Brain illness and creativity: mechanisms and treatment risks.PubMed
Alice W Flaherty
Can J Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;56(3):132-43. doi: 10.1177/070674371105600303.
Brain diseases and their treatment may help or hurt creativity in ways that shape quality of life. Increased creative drive is associated with bipolar disorder, depression, psychosis, temporal lobe epilepsy, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson disease treatments, and autism. Creativity depends on goal-driven approach motivation from midbrain dopaminergic systems. Fear-driven avoidance motivation is of less aid to creativity. When serotonin and norepinephrine lower motivation and flexible behaviour, they can inhibit creativity. Hemispheric lateralization and frontotemporal connections must interact to create new ideas and conceptual schemes. The right brain and temporal lobe contribute skill in novelty detection, while the left brain and frontal lobe foster approach motivation and more easily generate new patterns of action from the novel perceptions. Genes and phenotypes that increase plasticity and creativity in tolerant environments with relaxed selection pressure may confer risk in rigorous environments. Few papers substantively address this important but fraught topic. Antidepressants (ADs) that inhibit fear-driven motivation, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sometimes inhibit goal-oriented motivation as well. ADs that boost goal-directed motivation, such as bupropion, may remediate this effect. Benzodiazepines and alcohol may be counterproductive. Although dopaminergic agonists sometimes stimulate creativity, their doing so may inappropriately disinhibit behaviour. Dopamine antagonists may suppress creative motivation; lithium and anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may do so less. Physical exercise and REM sleep may help creativity. Art therapy and psychotherapy are not well studied. Preserving creative motivation can help creativity and other aspects of well-being in all patients, not just artists or researchers.
16Brain regions essential for word comprehension: Drawing inferences from patients.PubMed
Argye E Hillis, Christopher Rorden, Julius Fridriksson
Ann Neurol. 2017 Jun;81(6):759-768. doi: 10.1002/ana.24941. Epub 2017 Jun 2.
Lesion-deficit association studies are important as they can reveal brain regions essential for specific functions, but sometimes appear to yield conflicting results. We aimed to show how pitfalls of lesions studies can be avoided, and converging results obtained, illustrating from studies of the role of posterior superior temporal gyrus in auditory word comprehension. We review published lesion studies on auditory comprehension and present new data from both acute and chronic stroke that address weaknesses in some previous studies. Results demonstrate how convergence of positive results from diverse lesion studies provides strong evidence for the role of a particular region in a given behavior.
17Art therapy and brain injury: making the invisible visible.PubMed
Denise R Wolf, Michele D Rattigan
Front Psychol. 2024 Dec 4;15:1489813. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1489813. eCollection 2024.
The multiple cognitive, somatic, and behavioral changes following head injuries can result in expressive language difficulties that may not be resolved quickly. This paper explores the traumatic brain injury and post-concussive syndrome artwork created by an art therapist and the child of an art therapist, making the invisible neurological consequences of head injuries visible. Our first-person and caregiver perspectives offer examples of visual arts-based communication between patients, health professionals, and family members. Utilizing client imagery as a form of communication may improve patient outcomes through the identification and resultant treatment of overlooked and underdiagnosed symptoms. Experiences such as confusion, fear, localized pain, and mood lability stem not only from the injury itself, but from the experience of damaged microstructures that are often undetectable in standard diagnostic testing. Additionally, symptoms such as temperature and appetite dysregulation, vestibular and proprioceptive disruptions, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders evade standard diagnostic inventories. This may prompt the patient to question the reality of their somatic and cognitive experiences. Research supports the position of the authors: these experiences can be communicated through client imagery, expediting healing and improving overall health. In the spontaneously created art traversing child and adult stages of development, we discovered multiple prevalent themes within the imagery too numerous to ignore. Practice recommendations will be discussed for both art therapists and interprofessional healthcare collaborators concerning the use of imagery and visual expression when working with those who have sustained traumatic brain injuries.
18Hemispheric contributions to drawing.PubMed
A Kirk, A Kertesz
Neuropsychologia. 1989;27(6):881-6. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(89)90011-0.
The drawings of 69 consecutive stroke patients with single cerebral lesions on CT and of 33 normal controls, were analyzed by two independent observers using a standardized scoring system. The drawings of left brain damaged subjects (LBD) were more impaired overall than those of right brain damaged subjects (RBD). RBD drawings displayed hemispatial neglect and impaired spatial relationships. LBD drawings were simplified and exhibited low level errors of execution. Lesion size correlated significantly with drawing impairment in RBD but not in LBD. No relationship between intrahemispheric lesion location and drawing quality was found. However, severity of hemiparesis correlated significantly with drawing impairment in LBD. Performance on a visuospatial perceptual task correlated better with overall drawing quality for RBD than for LBD. Our data suggest that neglect and a visuospatial deficit impair drawing in RBD while dominant hand paresis and a conceptual impairment which parallels comprehension impairment contribute to LBD drawing disability.
19Music and art therapy in age-related neuropsychiatric disorders: Creative approaches to healing.PubMed
Elaheh Hajizadeh, Sara Salatin, Mehdi Sarailoo, et al.
Prog Brain Res. 2025;298:111-134. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.08.023. Epub 2025 Sep 13.
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a serious disorders affecting an individual's life, which can constitute a great problem to health care systems and a reduced level of activity in elderly. These disorders mainly include schizophrenia (SCZ), anxiety, and depression. Art therapy (AT) as one of the non-pharmacological therapies seems to improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms in neuropsychiatric disorders in older adults but the exact neural mechanisms are not fully known. All these preventive methods contribute in decreasing psychological distress and promoting mental health in aging. Many different art media can be utilized by therapists for psychiatric and psychological conditions. AT, including music, painting, and architecture media as the most therapeutic processes can be served as a useful therapeutic option to alleviate disease related symptoms. Here, in this chapter we investigate the effectiveness of art therapies in age-related neuropsychiatric disorders adults. It's recommended for further research to stronger focus on processes and biological mechanisms underlying art related changes. We believe that this method has promoting potential in clinic on neuropsychiatric diseases to be further evaluated.
20Non-invasive Brain Stimulation and Prism Adaptation in Art Constructive Errors in Painting.PubMed
Shole Vatanparasti, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Shahram Oveisgharan
Basic Clin Neurosci. 2023 Jan-Feb;14(1):143-154. doi: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2207.1. Epub 2023 Jan 1.
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the influence of neglect and the effect of prism adaptation (PA) combined with continuous Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) on the art constructive errors in painting rehabilitation of stroke patients with neglect. METHODS: Fourteen patients with neglect and art constructive errors in painting secondary to stroke were randomly assigned to the rehabilitation group and received PA combined with the inhibitory protocol of cTBS over the intact parietal cortex; the control group received PA combined with sham cTBS for two weeks in ten daily sessions. Patients were assessed for art constructive errors in painting in figure copying test (FCT), and coloring test (CT) before and after the intervention. Art constructive errors in painting were classified into omission, deformation, size, neglect of warm colors, and perseveration of errors. Neglect was evaluated using the line bisection task (LBT), figure copying test (FCT), and coloring test (CT). RESULTS: All patients showed a significant improvement in art constructive errors in painting (measured using the pattern of painting' errors in FCT and CT), and neglect (measured using LBT, FCT, and CT) (P<0.05). Omission, neglect of warm colors, and deformation were the most frequent errors. CONCLUSION: Neglect and rehabilitation influence the painting system in stroke patients. Both approaches improved art constructive errors in painting and neglect symptoms.