• Suppr超能文献
  • 文献检索
  • 文档翻译
  • 深度研究
  • 学术资讯
  • Suppr Zotero 插件Zotero 插件
定价套餐&价格
应用&插件
Suppr Zotero 插件Zotero 插件浏览器插件Mac 客户端Win 客户端微信小程序
定价
会员套餐积分包API 积分包
服务
文献检索文档翻译深度研究API 文档MCP 服务
关于我们
关于 Suppr公司介绍联系我们用户协议隐私条款
关注我们

Suppr 超能文献

核心技术专利:CN118964589B侵权必究
粤ICP备2023148730 号-1Suppr @ 2026
  1. 首页
  2. 分享广场
  3. 硫化物固态电解质界面稳定性:挑战、进展与未来方向

硫化物固态电解质界面稳定性:挑战、进展与未来方向

文献检索匿名用户发表于 2026年06月02日 20:0714阅读
检索问题

固态电池硫化物电解质界面稳定性的研究进展

硫化物固态电解质在固态电池领域展现出巨大的潜力,因其高能量密度和优异的安全性而被认为是下一代电池技术的热点 。硫化物固态电解质的优势包括高离子电导率和与锂金属负极之间较低的界面电阻,这对于推动全固态电池技术的发展尤为有利 。然而,硫化物固态电解质与电极之间的界面稳定性问题,特别是与锂金属负极和高压正极的界面问题,是其实际应用中的主要挑战 。这些挑战包括界面副反应、锂枝晶生长、界面接触不良以及电子-机械力学耦合失效,这些问题都会导致电化学性能下降并增加安全风险 。

本文将系统梳理硫化物固态电解质界面稳定性研究的最新进展,重点讨论界面失效机制、优化策略以及未来发展方向。

1. 硫化物固态电解质的优势与面临的挑战

1.1 硫化物固态电解质的优势 硫化物基超离子导体被广泛认为是固态钠电池(Na-based batteries)中极具潜力的固体电解质(SEs),其特点是高离子电导率和冷压致密化能力 。对于全固态锂金属电池(ASSLMBs)而言,硫化物固态电解质同样因其高能量密度和改进的安全性而备受关注 。此外,硫化物电解质具有独特的化学机械行为,能够稳定硅负极的运行,并通过界面钝化消除连续的界面生长和不可逆的锂损失 。

1.2 界面稳定性挑战 尽管硫化物电解质具有诸多优势,但其界面稳定性问题仍然是阻碍其实际应用的关键因素 。主要的挑战包括:

  • 界面副反应:硫化物电解质与锂金属负极之间会发生副反应,导致界面失效 。例如,Li2S-P2S5电解质与金属锂接触时会发生相分解,形成Li2S和Li3P,同时氧污染还会导致Li3PO4和Li2O的形成 。
  • 锂枝晶生长:锂金属负极界面处的锂枝晶生长是另一个严重问题,会导致电池性能快速下降和短路 。即使是实验室常用的锂铟(Li-In)合金,在与Li6PS5Cl固态电解质结合并在高电流下循环时,也可能出现锂铟枝晶的生长,导致电池短路 。
  • 界面接触不良:固态电解质与电极之间的固体-固体接触问题是全固态电池面临的普遍挑战,尤其是在实现并维持紧密的固体-固体接触方面 。
  • 电化学-机械力学耦合失效:界面处可能发生的电子失效、化学和电化学失效、机械失效以及电化学-机械力学耦合失效等多种机制,共同导致硫化物固态锂金属电池性能下降和安全风险增加 。
  • 对正极的稳定性:硫化物电解质与正极材料的界面也存在稳定性问题。例如,LiFePO4(LFP)与硫化物电解质Li6PS5Br接触时,虽然理论上LFP在热力学上更稳定,但实际测试发现LFP对Li6PS5Br并不稳定,在循环过程中会发生化学反应,导致界面绝缘和过电位损失 。此外,高电压正极材料如LiCoO2(LCO)与硫化物电解质Li6PS5Cl的界面也存在空间电荷层(SCL)效应,影响锂离子传输 。

2. 界面失效机制

硫化物固态电解质与电极界面失效的主要机制可以分为以下几类:

2.1 电子失效 电子失效是指界面处电子导电性的变化导致电池性能下降。例如,在LiFePO4与Li6PS5Br固态电解质的界面,电解质的氧化与LFP的脱锂竞争发生,导致界面绝缘,从而引起大的过电位损失 。此外,电解质离子导体与任何电子导体(如活性材料和碳添加剂)的界面也会发生电化学降解 。

2.2 化学与电化学失效 化学失效是指电极材料与固态电解质之间发生不可逆的化学反应。例如,Li2S-P2S5电解质在与金属锂接触时会发生相分解,生成Li2S和Li3P 。当LiFePO4与Li6PS5Br固态电解质接触时,也会发生化学反应,并且这些反应在循环过程中会加剧 。电化学失效则指在充放电循环过程中,由于电化学反应导致的界面结构和组成的变化。例如,锂枝晶的形成就是典型的电化学失效 。

2.3 机械失效 机械失效主要指电极与电解质之间由于体积变化和应力不匹配导致的界面接触不良。例如,锂金属负极在充放电过程中会发生体积膨胀和收缩,导致界面处产生应力,进而引发裂纹、剥离或接触损失,影响锂离子传输 。这种机械应力还会加剧锂枝晶的形成和穿透,导致电池短路 。

2.4 电化学-机械力学耦合失效 在实际电池运行中,上述失效机制往往不是独立发生的,而是相互耦合、协同作用。例如,锂枝晶的生长不仅是电化学过程,也受到界面机械应力的影响;同时,枝晶的形成又会进一步恶化界面接触,形成恶性循环 。这种耦合失效使得界面问题的解决变得更为复杂。

3. 界面优化策略与最新研究进展

为了克服硫化物固态电解质的界面问题,研究人员提出了多种优化策略,并取得了显著进展。

3.1 界面修饰层的构建 在电极和固态电解质之间引入界面修饰层是提高界面稳定性的有效策略。这些修饰层可以阻挡副反应的发生、抑制枝晶生长、改善界面润湿性或提供更稳定的锂离子传输通道 。

  • 对负极的界面修饰:

    • LiF层的原位生成:在Li6PS5Cl(LPSC)固态电解质中掺杂氟(F)原子,可以原位生成致密均匀的LiF界面层,有效抑制锂枝晶的穿透。这种改性后的电解质在0.1 mA cm-2电流密度下,Li的剥离/沉积可稳定超过540小时,临界电流密度高达1.6 mA cm-2 。
    • 氟化电解质:通过对Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl(LPSCl)硫化物电解质进行氟化处理,可以在锂金属负极界面形成致密且高度氟化的界面,具有自修复特性。这种氟化LPSCl固态电解质的锂金属对称电池在6.37 mA cm-2的超高电流密度和5 mAh cm-2的截止容量下,锂的剥离/沉积可超稳定循环250小时以上 。
    • 氯化锂(LiCl)富集层:通过控制硫化物固态电解质Li7-xPS6-xClx的氯含量和合成后的冷却过程,可以使Cl原子在SE晶粒表面形成相互连接的LiCl纳米颗粒,形成扩展的LiCl基骨架。这种微结构有助于Cl离子在电化学循环过程中迁移到锂/SE界面,从而形成富含LiCl的界面层,改善电池的循环性能 。
    • Li6PS5Cl涂层:在Li-In负极上涂覆Li6PS5Cl可以促进有利的界面特性,有助于提高锂基电池的性能 。
    • 空间电荷层(SCL)的调控:通过内置电场和化学势耦合策略,可以减少LiCoO2/argyrodite Li6PS5Cl高压界面的SCL形成,并促进锂离子传输 。
  • 对正极的界面修饰:

    • 氧化物涂层:在LiFePO4(LFP)正极上涂覆LiNbO3(LNO)可以延迟电化学降解,通过电子绝缘LFP-硫化物电解质界面,但不能完全阻止碳-电解质界面的降解 。
    • LLZO和LNO双层涂层:将Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)和LiNbO3(LNO)涂层应用于LiCoO2(LCO)正极,可以显著改善全固态电池的长期循环性能和放电容量。这种双层涂层通过防止正极活性材料与硫代磷酸盐基固态电解质的直接物理接触,有效解决了界面问题 。
    • LATP涂层:对NCMA(LiNi0.83Co0.06Mn0.06Al0.05O2)正极进行LATP(Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3)涂层修饰,能够显著降低界面反应活性并提高循环稳定性,从而提升高容量全固态电池的性能和寿命 。

3.2 电解质的改性 对硫化物固态电解质本身进行优化也是提高界面稳定性的重要途径。

  • 阳离子和阴离子掺杂:通过对Na3PS4、Na3SbS4和Na11Sn2PS12等主导硫化物基钠离子导体及其家族进行多样的阴离子和阳离子掺杂,可以改善其合成、结构、电导率和电池可行性 。
  • 共掺杂策略:在Li6PS5Cl(LPSC)固态电解质中共同掺杂锌(Zn)和氟(F),Zn原子可以调节局部电子密度分布,抑制不可逆的氧化还原界面副反应,而F掺杂则原位生成致密均匀的LiF界面层,有效抑制枝晶穿透 。
  • 氧化物添加:通过在Li3PS4玻璃电解质中添加MxOy(M = Fe, Zn, Bi)纳米颗粒,可以抑制H2S的产生,提高硫化物玻璃电解质的化学稳定性。其中,90Li3PS4·10ZnO(摩尔百分比)复合电解质表现出较高的离子电导率(超过10−4 S cm−1)和宽电化学窗口(超过5 V) 。
  • 氯含量和冷却过程的控制:研究表明,硫化物无机固态电解质Li7-xPS6-xClx中的Cl分布和SE合成过程中的冷却方式会显著影响Li|SE界面的微观结构、界面相组成和形貌,从而影响电池循环性能 。
  • 选择合适的固体电解质:Li1.75ZrCl4.75O0.5氯氧化物固态电解质展现出高离子电导率(2.42 mS cm-1,25°C)、可压缩性(94.2%密度,300 MPa)和成本效益(估计原材料成本$11.60/kg),在LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2正极和Li6PS5Cl涂覆的Li-In负极组合下,表现出优异的循环性能 。

3.3 锂合金负极的应用 采用锂合金负极代替纯锂金属负极是降低界面反应活性和抑制枝晶生长的策略之一 。锂铟(Li-In)合金因其较好的(电)化学稳定性而被广泛用于实验室研究 。然而,即使是锂铟合金,在高电流密度和高正极负载下循环时,仍可能发生锂铟枝晶生长导致电池短路,这表明对锂合金负极的形态稳定性仍需深入研究 。

3.4 硅负极的稳定运行 硫化物固态电解质的界面钝化特性使得99.9%的微硅负极能够稳定运行。通过体相和表面表征以及界面组分量化,发现这种方法消除了连续的界面生长和不可逆的锂损失。微硅全电池在宽工作温度范围和高面负载下实现了高面电流密度和有希望的性能,这归因于微硅和硫化物电解质之间理想的界面特性以及锂硅合金独特的化学机械行为 。

3.5 电流收集器的选择 电流收集器与硫化物固态电解质的化学和电化学稳定性同样重要。研究表明,不锈钢、镍、铝和铝/碳电流收集器与Li6PS5Cl电解质接触时表现出良好的化学稳定性,而铜、锂和铜/锂则具有较高的腐蚀敏感性。因此,选择合适的电流收集器对于硫化物基电池的制造,特别是湿化学工艺,具有重要意义 。

4. 界面表征技术

为了深入理解界面行为并指导材料设计,先进的表征技术至关重要 。

  • 原位差分相位衬度扫描透射电子显微镜(DPC-STEM):该技术可以直接观察电极/电解质界面锂离子的积累,从而揭示空间电荷层(SCL)效应,并验证内置电场和化学势耦合策略对减少SCL形成和促进锂离子传输的效果 。
  • 原位X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和实时原位俄歇电子能谱(AES)映射:这些技术可以探测Li/Li2S-P2S5固态电解质界面在电化学循环过程中固态电解质界面(SEI)的形成和演变,并测量与特定界面组分相关的单个过电位 。
  • 嫩X射线吸收谱(XAS)和XPS:这些技术被用于研究LiFePO4与Li6PS5Br固态电解质之间的化学反应,并证实这些反应在循环过程中会加剧 。
  • 块体和表面表征:结合对界面组分的量化,可以研究硅负极与硫化物固态电解质之间的界面特性,从而解释其稳定的运行机制 。

5. 未来展望与挑战

尽管在硫化物固态电解质界面稳定性方面取得了显著进展,但仍有许多挑战需要克服以实现其实际应用 。

  • 多尺度界面工程:未来研究需要更深入地理解从原子尺度到宏观尺度的界面行为,并开发多尺度界面工程策略,以同时解决电子、化学、机械和电化学-机械力学耦合失效问题 。
  • 新型界面材料开发:需要开发具有更高离子电导率、更好化学稳定性和机械柔韧性的新型界面修饰材料,以适应电极的体积变化和抑制枝晶生长 。
  • 原位表征与计算模拟结合:结合原位表征技术和计算模拟,可以更准确地揭示界面反应机制和动力学过程,为界面材料设计提供理论指导 。
  • 标准化测试协议:当前全固态电池的实验室研究存在较大的变异性,缺乏标准化的测试设置和组装参数,导致不同实验室之间电池性能的可比性和重现性较差 。未来需要建立统一的测试协议和报告参数,例如建议报告电池的初始开路电压、加工压力、压制持续时间、负极与锂的比例以及三重数据,以提高研究结果的可靠性和可比较性 。
  • 空气敏感性与成本效益:硫化物固态电解质通常对空气敏感,且成本较高,这些实际问题也需要在未来研究中加以解决,以促进其商业化应用 。
  • 实际电池性能提升:尽管实验室测试取得了良好结果,但将这些成果转化为具有竞争力的实际电池产品仍需努力,包括提高能量密度、功率密度、循环寿命和安全性 。

结论

硫化物固态电解质在固态电池中展现出巨大潜力,但其界面稳定性问题是实现高能量密度和高安全性全固态电池的关键挑战。通过深入理解界面失效机制(包括电子失效、化学与电化学失效、机械失效以及电化学-机械力学耦合失效),并采用多种优化策略,如构建界面修饰层(例如LiF、LiCl、LNO、LLZO、LATP涂层)、改性电解质(掺杂、添加氧化物、控制合成条件)、以及采用锂合金或硅负极等,研究人员已取得了显著进展。同时,先进的原位表征技术为深入理解界面行为提供了宝贵工具。未来,多尺度界面工程、新型界面材料开发、原位表征与计算模拟的结合以及标准化测试协议的建立,将是推动硫化物固态电解质在全固态电池中实际应用的重要方向。

References

1Recent Progress on Dominant Sulfide‐Type Solid‐State Na Superionic Conductors for Solid‐State Sodium BatteriesOpenAlex

Xiaolin Guo, Selim Halacoglu, Yan Chen, et al.
Abstract Over the past decade, solid‐state batteries have garnered significant attentions due to their potentials to deliver high energy density and excellent safety. Considering the abundant sodium (Na) resources in contrast to lithium (Li), the development of sodium‐based batteries has become increasingly appealing. Sulfide‐based superionic conductors are widely considered as promising solid eletcrolytes (SEs) in solid‐state Na batteries due to the features of high ionic conductivity and cold‐press densification. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to investigate sulfide‐based Na‐ion conductors on their synthesis, compositions, conductivity, and the feasibility in batteries. However, there are still several challenges to overcome for their practical applications in high performance solid‐state Na batteries. This article provides a comprehensive update on the synthesis, structure, and properties of three dominant sulfide‐based Na‐ion conductors (Na 3 PS 4 , Na 3 SbS 4 , and Na 11 Sn 2 PS 12 ), and their families that have a variety of anion and cation doping. Additionally, the interface stability of these sulfide electrolytes toward the anode is reviewed, as well as the electrochemical performance of solid‐state Na batteries based on different types of cathode materials (metal sulfides, oxides, and organics). Finally, the perspective and outlook for the development and practical utilization of sulfide‐based SE in solid‐state batteries are discussed.

2Research progress in interfacial engineering of anodes for sulfide-based solid-state lithium metal batteriesOpenAlex

Jun Wei, Nan Chen, Renjie Chen
硫化物基固态锂金属电池因其高能量密度和良好的安全性,成为下一代电池研究的热点。然而,硫化物固态电解质与锂金属负极界面处的副反应、锂枝晶生长以及差的界面接触问题,导致电化学性能下降和安全风险增加,阻碍了硫化物固态锂金属电池的发展。本文讨论了硫化物固态电解质与锂金属负极界面存在的问题,系统梳理了负极界面失效的主要机制,包括电子失效、化学与电化学失效、机械失效以及电化学-机械力学耦合失效。在此基础上,详细总结了针对界面问题的优化策略与最新研究进展,包括界面修饰层的构建、锂合金负极和电解质的改性。通过评估各类策略的实际效果与应用前景,本文提出了未来硫化物基固态锂金属电池界面工程研究的重点方向,以期为其相关研究提供更加全面的参考。

3Degradation of Lithium Iron Phosphate Sulfide Solid-State Batteries by Conductive InterfacesOpenAlex

Kerry Sun, Chuntian Cao, Dingyi Zhao, et al.
The superionic solid-state argyrodite electrolyte Li6PS5Br can improve lithium and lithium-ion batteries’ safety and energy density. Despite many reports validating the conductivity of this electrolyte, it still suffers from passivating electrode degradation mechanisms. At first analysis, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) should be more thermodynamically stable in contact with sulfide electrolytes. However, without substantial improvements to interfacial engineering, we find that LFP is not inherently stable against Li6PS5Br. We hypothesize argyrodite oxidation favorably competes with LFP’s delithiation, insulating the electrolyte–electrode interface and causing large overpotential losses. We show that compared to LiNixMnyCozO2, LFP has no actual electrochemical stability advantage despite operating at a lower voltage. We utilize tender energy XAS and XPS to show that chemical reactions occur between LFP and the Li6PS5Br solid electrolyte and these reactions are exacerbated by cycling. We also show that electrochemical degradation occurs at the interface between the solid electrolyte ion conductor and any electron conductor, namely, the active material and carbon additives. We further demonstrate that LiNbO3 cathode coatings on LFP can delay electrochemical degradation by electronically insulating the LFP–sulfide electrolyte interface but not prevent its occurrence at the carbon–electrolyte interface.

4Carbon-free high-loading silicon anodes enabled by sulfide solid electrolytesOpenAlex

Darren H. S. Tan, Yu‐Ting Chen, Hedi Yang, et al.
The development of silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries has been largely impeded by poor interfacial stability against liquid electrolytes. Here, we enabled the stable operation of a 99.9 weight % microsilicon anode by using the interface passivating properties of sulfide solid electrolytes. Bulk and surface characterization, and quantification of interfacial components, showed that such an approach eliminates continuous interfacial growth and irreversible lithium losses. Microsilicon full cells were assembled and found to achieve high areal current density, wide operating temperature range, and high areal loadings for the different cells. The promising performance can be attributed to both the desirable interfacial property between microsilicon and sulfide electrolytes and the distinctive chemomechanical behavior of the lithium-silicon alloy.

5In-situ visualization of the space-charge-layer effect on interfacial lithium-ion transport in all-solid-state batteriesOpenAlex

Longlong Wang, Ruicong Xie, Bingbing Chen, et al.
Abstract The space charge layer (SCL) is generally considered one of the origins of the sluggish interfacial lithium-ion transport in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). However, in-situ visualization of the SCL effect on the interfacial lithium-ion transport in sulfide-based ASSLIBs is still a great challenge. Here, we directly observe the electrode/electrolyte interface lithium-ion accumulation resulting from the SCL by investigating the net-charge-density distribution across the high-voltage LiCoO 2 /argyrodite Li 6 PS 5 Cl interface using the in-situ differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) technique. Moreover, we further demonstrate a built-in electric field and chemical potential coupling strategy to reduce the SCL formation and boost lithium-ion transport across the electrode/electrolyte interface by the in-situ DPC-STEM technique and finite element method simulations. Our findings will strikingly advance the fundamental scientific understanding of the SCL mechanism in ASSLIBs and shed light on rational electrode/electrolyte interface design for high-rate performance ASSLIBs.

6Synergistic Regulation of Zn and F in Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl for Enhancing Interface Stability and Suppressing Lithium Dendrites in All-Solid-State Lithium BatteriesOpenAlex

Ruiqi Guo, Kaidi Kang, Bingguang Ye, et al.
Sulfide electrolytes with high ionic conductivity show great potential toward all-solid-state battery applications. However, interfacial instability between the sulfide electrolytes and lithium metal can lead to parasitic reactions and dendrite growth, resulting in a rapid degradation of battery performance. Herein, we propose a strategy to modify Li6PS5Cl (LPSC) solid electrolyte via codoping of Zn and F to address the interfacial parasitic reactions, as well as the dendrite growth issue. Zn atoms incorporated into LPSC can regulate the local electron density distribution, suppressing the irreversible redox interfacial parasitic reactions. F doping in situ generates a dense and uniform LiF interfacial layer, effectively inhibiting dendrite penetration. As a result, the modified electrolyte presents a high critical current density of up to 1.6 mA cm–2 and can achieve over 540 h stable plating/stripping at a current density of 0.1 mA cm–2. The assembled all-solid-state batteries also show outstanding cycling stability and rate performance compared with the original LPSC. This study emphasizes the importance of local electronic structure regulation in the modification of sulfide electrolytes, providing a highly promising strategy for achieving interface stability and dendrite-free all-solid-state lithium batteries.

7Growth of lithium-indium dendrites in all-solid-state lithium-based batteries with sulfide electrolytesOpenAlex

Shuting Luo, Zhenyu Wang, Xuelei Li, et al.
Abstract All-solid-state lithium-based batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes are considered a viable option for electrochemical energy storage applications. However, the application of lithium metal is hindered by issues associated with the growth of mossy and dendritic Li morphologies upon prolonged cell cycling and undesired reactions at the electrode/solid electrolyte interface. In this context, alloy materials such as lithium-indium (Li-In) alloys are widely used at the laboratory scale because of their (electro)chemical stability, although no in-depth investigations on their morphological stability have been reported yet. In this work, we report the growth of Li-In dendritic structures when the alloy material is used in combination with a Li 6 PS 5 Cl solid electrolyte and Li(Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 )O 2 positive electrode active material and cycled at high currents (e.g., 3.8 mA cm −2 ) and high cathode loading (e.g., 4 mAh cm −2 ). Via ex situ measurements and simulations, we demonstrate that the irregular growth of Li-In dendrites leads to cell short circuits after room-temperature long-term cycling. Furthermore, the difference between Li and Li-In dendrites is investigated and discussed to demonstrate the distinct type of dendrite morphology.

8A Comprehensive Review of Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes: Properties, Synthesis, Applications, and ChallengesOpenAlex

Bin Man, Yulong Zeng, Qingrui Liu, et al.
Traditional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) utilize liquid electrolytes, which pose significant safety risks. To address these concerns and enhance energy density, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as a safer and more efficient alternative to conventional liquid electrolyte-based systems. ASSBs offer notable advantages, including higher energy density and improved safety, driving growing interest from both industry and academia. A key component in all-solid-state battery (ASSB) development is the solid-state electrolyte (SSE), which plays a crucial role in determining the overall performance and safety of these batteries. Sulfide SSEs are characterized by distinctive attributes, including notably high ionic conductivity and remarkably low interfacial resistance with lithium metal anodes, which renders them particularly advantageous for advancing ASSB technology. This paper systematically examines sulfide-based SSEs, with particular emphasis on their underlying physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and essential functional attributes relevant to ASSB applications. Additionally, we explore preparation methods for sulfide SSEs and analyze their potential applications in next-generation ASSBs. Considering current challenges (e.g., interfacial instability or air sensitivity) we summarize strategies to address these obstacles, aiming to facilitate their integration into future energy storage systems.

9Ultrastable Anode Interface Achieved by Fluorinating Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Metal BatteriesOpenAlex

Feipeng Zhao, Qian Sun, Chuang Yu, et al.
All-solid-state Li metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have attracted significant attention because of their high energy density and improved safety. However, the poor stability at the Li anode/solid-state electrolyte (SSE) interface is a long-standing problem that limits the current density and capacity, thus hindering the practical application of ASSLMBs. Herein, fluorination of an Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) sulfide electrolyte is proposed to enhance the interfacial stability toward the Li metal anode. Because of the condensed and highly fluorinated interface that forms in situ with a self-healing essence, the Li metal symmetric cell employing the fluorinated LPSCl SSE enables ultrastable Li plating/stripping over 250 h at a superhigh current density of 6.37 mA cm–2 and a cutoff capacity of 5 mAh cm–2. Furthermore, the Li metal treated by the fluorinated LPSCl SSE is demonstrated to deliver good durability and rate capability in full cells. Fluorinating sulfide electrolytes provides a new strategy for realizing high-performance ASSLMBs.

10Promoting favorable interfacial properties in lithium-based batteries using chlorine-rich sulfide inorganic solid-state electrolytesOpenAlex

Dewu Zeng, Jingming Yao, Long Zhang, et al.
Abstract The use of inorganic solid-state electrolytes is considered a viable strategy for developing high-energy Li-based metal batteries. However, suppression of parasitic interfacial reactions and growth of unfavorable Li metal depositions upon cycling are challenging aspects and not yet fully addressed. Here, to better understand these phenomena, we investigate various sulfide inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs), i.e., Li 7− x PS 6− x Cl x ( x = 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 1.45, and 1.6), via ex situ and in situ physicochemical and electrochemical measurements. We found that the Cl distribution and the cooling process applied during the SE synthesis strongly influence the evolution of the Li|SE interface in terms of microstructure, interphase composition, and morphology. Indeed, for a SE with a moderate chlorine content (i.e., x = 1.3) and obtained via a slow cooling process after sintering, the Cl atoms are located on the surface of the SE grains as interconnected LiCl nanoparticles that form an extended LiCl-based framework. This peculiar microstructure facilitates the migration of the Cl ions to the Li|SE interface during electrochemical cycling, thus, favouring the formation of a LiCl-rich interphase layer capable of improving the battery cycling performances.

11Li–Solid Electrolyte Interfaces/Interphases in All-Solid-State Li BatteriesOpenAlex

Linan Jia, Jinhui Zhu, Xi Zhang, et al.
Abstract The emergence of all-solid-state Li batteries (ASSLBs) represents a promising avenue to address critical concerns like safety and energy density limitations inherent in current Li-ion batteries. Solid electrolytes (SEs) show significant potential in curtailing Li dendrite intrusion, acting as natural barriers against short circuits. However, the substantial challenges at the SEs−electrode interface, particularly concerning the anode, pose significant impediments to the practical implementation of ASSLBs. This review aims to delineate the most viable strategies for overcoming anode interfacial hurdles across four distinct categories of SEs: sulfide SEs, oxide SEs, polymer SEs, and halide SEs. Initially, pivotal issues such as anode interfacial side reactions, inadequate physical contact, and Li dendrite formation are comprehensively outlined. Furthermore, effective methodologies aimed at enhancing anode interfacial stability are expounded, encompassing approaches like solid electrolyte interface (SEI) interlayer insertion, SE optimization, and the adoption of Li alloy in lieu of Li metal, each tailored to specific SE categories. Moreover, this review presents novel insights into fostering interfaces between diverse SE types and Li anodes, while also advocating perspectives and recommendations for the future advancement of ASSLBs. Graphical Abstract

12Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of solid electrolyte interphase formation and evolution in Li2S-P2S5 solid-state electrolytesOpenAlex

Kevin N. Wood, K. Xerxes Steirer, Simon Hafner, et al.
Abstract Solid-state electrolytes such as Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 compounds are promising materials that could enable Li metal anodes. However, many solid-state electrolytes are unstable against metallic lithium, and little is known about the chemical evolution of these interfaces during cycling, hindering the rational design of these materials. In this work, operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and real-time in situ Auger electron spectroscopy mapping are developed to probe the formation and evolution of the Li/Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 solid-electrolyte interphase during electrochemical cycling, and to measure individual overpotentials associated with specific interphase constituents. Results for the Li/Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 system reveal that electrochemically driving Li + to the surface leads to phase decomposition into Li 2 S and Li 3 P. Additionally, oxygen contamination within the Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 leads initially to Li 3 PO 4 phase segregation, and subsequently to Li 2 O formation. The spatially non-uniform distribution of these phases, coupled with differences in their ionic conductivities, have important implications for the overall properties and performance of the solid-electrolyte interphase.

13Interface Engineering of NCMA Cathodes with LATP Coatings for High-Performance Solid-State Lithium BatteriesOpenAlex

Shih-Ping Cho, Muhammad Usman Hameed, Chien‐Te Hsieh, et al.
The development of high-performance and stable solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) is critical for advancing next-generation energy storage technologies. This study investigates LATP (Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3) coatings to enhance the electrochemical performance and interface stability of NCMA83 (LiNi0.83Co0.06Mn0.06Al0.05O2) cathodes. Compared to conventional combinations with LPSC (Li6PS5Cl) solid electrolytes, LATP coatings significantly reduce interfacial reactivity and improve cycling stability. Structural and morphological analyses reveal that LATP coatings maintain the crystallinity of NCMA83 while fine-tuning its lattice stress. Electrochemical testing demonstrates that LATP-modified samples (83L5) achieve superior capacity retention (65 mAh/g after 50 cycles) and reduced impedance (Rct ~200 Ω), compared to unmodified samples (83L0). These results highlight LATP’s potential as a surface engineering solution to mitigate degradation effects, enhance ionic conductivity, and extend the lifespan of high-capacity SSBs.

14Improvement of chemical stability of Li3PS4 glass electrolytes by adding MxOy (M = Fe, Zn, and Bi) nanoparticlesOpenAlex

Akitoshi Hayashi, Hiromasa Muramatsu, Takamasa Ohtomo, et al.
Sulfide glasses in the system Li2S–P2S5 are attractive as solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries because of their high conductivity and high electrochemical stability. In the present study, we have focused on chemical stability in air of the sulfide glass electrolytes and succeeded in suppressing H2S generation by preparing composite electrolytes of the Li3PS4 glass and one of the metal oxides with the formula MxOy (MxOy: Fe2O3, ZnO and Bi2O3). The H2S amounts generated decreased in the order of the composite with Fe2O3, ZnO, and Bi2O3. It is noteworthy that the use of a favorable MxOy with a larger negative Gibbs energy change (ΔG) for the reaction with H2S is effective in improving the chemical stability of sulfide electrolytes. The composite electrolyte of 90Li3PS4·10ZnO (mol%) exhibited a relatively high ionic conductivity of over 10−4 S cm−1, negligible electronic conductivity and a wide electrochemical window over 5 V. The all-solid-state In/LiCoO2 cell using the 90Li3PS4·10ZnO composite electrolyte operated as a lithium secondary battery with excellent cycleability at room temperature.

15A cost-effective, ionically conductive and compressible oxychloride solid-state electrolyte for stable all-solid-state lithium-based batteriesOpenAlex

Lv Hu, Jinzhu Wang, Kai Wang, et al.
Abstract To enable the development of all-solid-state batteries, an inorganic solid-state electrolyte should demonstrate high ionic conductivity (i.e., &gt; 1 mS cm −1 at 25 °C), compressibility (e.g., &gt; 90% density under 250−350 MPa), and cost-effectiveness (e.g., &lt; $50/kg). Here we report the development and preparation of Li 1.75 ZrCl 4.75 O 0.5 oxychloride solid-state electrolyte that demonstrates an ionic conductivity of 2.42 mS cm −1 at 25 °C, a compressibility enabling 94.2% density under 300 MPa and an estimated raw materials cost of $11.60/kg. As proof of concept, the Li 1.75 ZrCl 4.75 O 0.5 is tested in combination with a LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 -based positive electrode and a Li 6 PS 5 Cl-coated Li-In negative electrode in lab-scale cell configuration. This all-solid-state cell delivers a discharge capacity retention of 70.34% (final discharge capacity of 70.2 mAh g −1 ) after 2082 cycles at 1 A g −1 , 25 °C and 1.5 tons of stacking pressure.

16Advancements and Challenges in Solid-State Battery Technology: An In-Depth Review of Solid Electrolytes and Anode InnovationsOpenAlex

Abniel Machín, Carmen Morant, Francisco Márquez
The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in solid-state batteries (SSBs), with a focus on recent advancements in solid electrolytes and anodes. The paper begins with a background on the evolution from liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries to advanced SSBs, highlighting their enhanced safety and energy density. It addresses the increasing demand for efficient, safe energy storage in applications like electric vehicles and portable electronics. A major part of the paper analyzes solid electrolytes, key to SSB technology. It classifies solid electrolytes as polymer-based, oxide-based, and sulfide-based, discussing their distinct properties and application suitability. The review also covers advancements in anode materials for SSBs, exploring materials like lithium metal, silicon, and intermetallic compounds, focusing on their capacity, durability, and compatibility with solid electrolytes. It addresses challenges in integrating these anode materials, like the interface stability and lithium dendrite growth. This review includes a discussion on the latest analytical techniques, experimental studies, and computational models to understand and improve the anode–solid electrolyte interface. These are crucial for tackling interfacial resistance and ensuring SSBs’ long-term stability and efficiency. Concluding, the paper suggests future research and development directions, highlighting SSBs’ potential in revolutionizing energy storage technologies. This review serves as a vital resource for academics, researchers, and industry professionals in advanced battery technology development. It offers a detailed overview of materials and technologies shaping SSBs’ future, providing insights into current challenges and potential solutions in this rapidly evolving field.

17Li7La3Zr2O12-co-LiNbO3 Surface Modification Improves the Interface Stability between Cathode and Sulfide Solid-State Electrolyte in All-Solid-State BatteriesOpenAlex

Shishuo Liang, Dong Yang, Jianhua Hu, et al.
With the rapid development of energy storage and electric vehicles, thiophosphate-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered the most promising power source. In order to commercialize ASSBs, the interfacial problem between high-voltage cathode active materials and thiophosphate-based solid-state electrolytes needs to be solved in a simple, effective way. Surface coatings are considered the most promising approach to solving the interfacial problem because surface coatings could prevent direct physical contact between cathode active materials and thiophosphate-based solid-state electrolytes. In this work, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and LiNbO3 (LNO) coatings for LiCoO2 (LCO) were fabricated by in-situ interfacial growth of two high-Li+ conductive oxide electrolytes on the LCO surface and tested for thiophosphate-based ASSBs. The coatings were obtained from a two-step traditional sol–gel coatings process, the inner coatings were LNO, and the surface coatings were LLZO. Electrochemical evaluations confirmed that the two-layer coatings are beneficial for ASSBs. ASSBs containing LLZO-co-LNO coatings LiCoO2 (LLZO&amp;LNO@LCO) significantly improved long-term cycling performance and discharge capacity compared with those assembled from uncoated LCO. LLZO&amp;LNO@LCO||Li6PS5Cl (LPSC)||Li-In delivered discharge capacities of 138.8 mAh/g, 101.8 mAh/g, 60.2 mAh/g, and 40.2 mAh/g at 0.05 C, 0.1 C, 0.2 C, and 0.5 C under room temperature, respectively, and better capacity retentions of 98% after 300 cycles at 0.05 C. The results highlighted promising low-cost and scalable cathode material coatings for ASSBs.

18Probing the chemical stability between current collectors and argyrodite Li6PS5Cl sulfide electrolyteOpenAlex

Artur Tron, Alexander Beutl, Irshad Mohammad, et al.
Abstract Recently, sulfide-based electrolytes, including the argyrodite family (Li 6 PS 5 X, X = Cl, Br, I), are considered promising candidates for all-solid-state battery fabrication due to their high ionic conductivity. However, from the industrial point of view, other parameters such as the chemical and electrochemical stability toward current collectors are equally important, but often neglected. Although many efforts have been directed toward the investigation, optimization and testing of sulfide electrolytes into a press device (10 MPa) with a stainless-steel current collector, the investigation of the current collector’s behavior in contact with sulfide solid electrolytes in coin cell (0.2 MPa) or pouch cell (0.1-0.2 MPa) formats is still an open question. In this work, the systematic physicochemical and electrochemical analyses of copper, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, and aluminum-carbon current collectors in contact with the Li 6 PS 5 Cl electrolyte in coin cell format configuration is reported, enabling the understanding of the reaction mechanisms. While SS, Ni, Al and Al/C show good chemical stability, Cu, Li, and Cu/Li have high corrosion susceptibility in sulfide electrolytes. Therefore, this study supports the selection of appropriate current collectors for fabricating sulfide-based components, especially via the wet chemistry process which is a promising approach for the industrialization of solid-state batteries with sulfide electrolyte.

19Benchmarking the reproducibility of all-solid-state battery cell performanceOpenAlex

Sebastian Puls, Elina Nazmutdinova, Fariza Kalyk, et al.
Abstract The interlaboratory comparability and reproducibility of all-solid-state battery cell cycling performance are poorly understood due to the lack of standardized set-ups and assembly parameters. This study quantifies the extent of this variability by providing commercially sourced battery materials—LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 for the positive electrode, Li 6 PS 5 Cl as the solid electrolyte and indium for the negative electrode—to 21 research groups. Each group was asked to use their own cell assembly protocol but follow a specific electrochemical protocol. The results show large variability in assembly and electrochemical performance, including differences in processing pressures, pressing durations and In-to-Li ratios. Despite this, an initial open circuit voltage of 2.5 and 2.7 V vs Li + /Li is a good predictor of successful cycling for cells using these electroactive materials. We suggest a set of parameters for reporting all-solid-state battery cycling results and advocate for reporting data in triplicate.

20Interfaces Between Cathode and Electrolyte in Solid State Lithium Batteries: Challenges and PerspectivesOpenAlex

Kaihui Nie, Yanshuai Hong, Jiliang Qiu, et al.
Solid state lithium batteries are widely accepted as promising candidates for next generation of various energy storage devices with the probability to realize improved energy density and superior safety performances. However, the interface between electrode and solid electrolyte remain a key issue that hinders practical development of solid state lithium batteries. In this review, we specifically focus on the interface between solid electrolytes and prevailing cathodes. The basic principles of interface layer formation are summarized and three kinds of interface layers can be categorized. For typical solid state lithium batteries, a most common and daunting challenge is to achieve and sustain intimate solid-solid contact. Meanwhile, different specific issues occur on various types of solid electrolytes, depending on the intrinsic properties of adjacent solid components. Our discussion mostly involves following electrolytes, including solid polymer electrolyte, inorganic solid oxide and sulfide electrolytes as well as composite electrolytes. The effective strategies to overcome the interface instabilities are also summarized. In order to clarify interfacial behaviors fundamentally, advanced characterization techniques with time, and atomic-scale resolution are required to gain more insights from different perspectives. And recent progresses achieved from advanced characterization are also reviewed here. We highlight that the cooperative characterization of diverse advanced characterization techniques is necessary to gain the final clarification of interface behavior, and stress that the combination of diverse interfacial modification strategies is required to build up decent cathode-electrolyte interface for superior solid state lithium batteries.
内容由 AI 生成,仅供参考,请仔细甄别