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  3. 猫是否知道自己的名字和主人的名字?

猫是否知道自己的名字和主人的名字?

文献检索匿名用户发表于 2026年01月16日 08:566阅读
检索问题

猫知道自己的名字么?它知道主人的名字么?

是的,猫不仅知道自己的名字,令人惊讶的是,它们甚至可能知道你的名字以及同住的其他猫伙伴的名字。

现有的科学证据非常明确地表明:家猫不仅能从人类的语音中分辨出自己的名字,还能将名字与特定的人脸或猫脸联系起来。也就是说,当它们听到名字时,脑海里真的可能会浮现出相应的形象,而不仅仅是把名字当成一种“开饭了”的信号。

以下是基于科学研究的详细解读:

1. 猫真的知道你在叫它吗?(关于“自己的名字”)

答案是肯定的。你觉得猫咪高冷不理你,并不是因为它听不懂,而仅仅是因为它不想理你。

它们能听出自己的名字 根据东京大学和京都大学的研究团队进行的实验,猫具有从人类的语音流中“提取”出自己名字的能力。科学家们使用了一种叫做“习惯化-去习惯化”的方法来测试猫。

  • 这是什么意思?(术语解释:习惯化-去习惯化):想象一下,你坐在房间里,广播里一直在念一串对你毫无意义的单词,一开始你会注意听,但慢慢你就会觉得无聊(习惯化),不再有反应。突然,广播里喊了你的名字,你马上会警觉起来(去习惯化)。科学家就是利用这种心理机制来测试动物的。

在实验中,研究人员对20只家猫播放了陌生人的声音,连续念这只猫不熟悉的名词或原本同居的其他猫的名字,猫咪一开始会动动耳朵,但听多了就觉得无聊没反应了。然而,当声音突然切换成呼唤“它自己的名字”时,即使是陌生人的声音,大部分猫也会重新表现出反应。这说明猫能够通过语音线索,把自己的名字和其他词汇区分开来。

反应很微妙,不是像狗那样摇尾巴 很多主人觉得猫不知道名字,是因为猫的反应太“敷衍”了。研究数据显示,当猫听到主人叫名字时,它们主要表现出定向行为(Orienting behavior),也就是转动头部或者动动耳朵。在20只受试猫中,有15只猫在听到名字时表现出了这种反应,但它们几乎都不会像狗那样通过发声(叫唤)或者摇尾巴来进行交流。所以,猫咪那是“听见了,已阅,但不回”。

为什么猫能做到这一点? 这可能与一种叫做整体模式识别(Holistic Pattern Recognition)的能力有关。这种能力并不是人类独有的,灵长类动物、猫甚至鸟类都有。这意味着猫并不是像我们查字典一样理解“名字”的含义,而是通过捕捉声音的整体模式、音调和节奏来辨认那个特定的声音组合是属于它的。

2. 猫知道你的名字吗?(关于“主人的名字”)

这可能是最让你震惊的部分:猫不仅关心自己的名字,它们还在悄悄“偷听”并记住了家里人的名字。

看着照片感到“困惑”的猫 2022年发表在《Scientific Reports》上的一项有趣研究,专门测试了猫是否能将人类的名字和具体的人脸对应起来。 科学家给猫展示家中某个家庭成员的照片(比如“爸爸”的照片),同时播放录音。

  • 情况A(匹配):播放的声音喊的是“爸爸”,照片也是爸爸。
  • 情况B(不匹配):播放的声音喊的是“爸爸”,但照片显示的是“妈妈”或其他人。

结果发现,生活在家庭成员较多(比如大家庭)的猫,在面对情况B(不匹配)时,盯着屏幕看的时间显著变长。

  • 为什么要看更久?(认知心理学解释):这在心理学上叫做预期违背效应(Expectancy Violation Effect)。当你听到“苹果”这个词,你脑子里会预期看到一个红色的水果。如果我给你看一个香蕉,你会因为感到奇怪而多看两眼,心里想“咦?这不对吧?”。

猫盯着不匹配的照片看更久,说明它们听到主人的名字时,预判了应该出现的那张脸,结果出现的却是别人的脸,这让它们感到困惑。这就证明了猫在没有接受过专门训练的情况下,在日常生活中自然而然地学会了把主人的名字和主人的长相联系在一起。而且,猫在一个家庭里生活得越久,这种联系能力就越强。

3. 猫还知道同伴的名字吗?(关于“其他猫”)

是的,如果你家里养了两只以上的猫,它们很可能知道对方叫什么。

在上述同一个研究中,科学家也测试了猫对自己“猫室友”名字的反应。

  • 家猫组:对于养在普通家庭里的猫,当研究人员喊出它室友的名字(比如“咪咪”),却展示了另一只猫(比如“花卷”)的照片时,受试猫咪盯着屏幕的时间明显变长。这说明它们知道“咪咪”应该长什么样,看到“花卷”的照片时觉得不对劲。
  • 猫咖组:有趣的是,生活在猫咪咖啡馆(Cat Café)里的猫就没有表现出这种能力。
  • 为什么有这种差异? 科学家推测,这可能是因为猫咖里的猫数量太多了,名字也太多,而且可能会有很多人类客人随意呼唤它们的名字,导致环境太嘈杂,猫咪很难一一建立起“名字-脸”的对应关系;而家庭环境相对单纯,猫咪更容易通过观察特定的互动(比如主人叫“咪咪”并给它喂食)来学习名字。

4. 野生的大猫(老虎、狮子)也这样吗?

既然家猫这么聪明,那它们的远亲——狮子、老虎、猎豹等外来猫科动物呢?

最近的一项研究(2024年)测试了动物园里的24只外来猫科动物(包括狮子、虎猫、雪豹等10个物种)。结果发现:

  • 认人能力强:这些大猫能非常清楚地分辨出熟悉的饲养员和陌生人的声音。听到熟悉饲养员的声音时,它们反应更快、更强烈(比如双耳转动、完全转头)。
  • 对名字不敏感:与家猫不同的是,对于这些未被驯化的猫科动物来说,饲养员是否呼唤它们的名字似乎并不重要。无论录音里是叫它们的名字,还是说其他话,只要是熟悉的声音,它们就会有反应。

这说明,辨别“熟悉人类的声音”可能是猫科动物与生俱来的本领或者通过与人接触就能学会的,但“辨别具体的名字”这种精细的认知能力,可能与家猫长期的驯化历史,或者与人类在家庭环境中这种极其亲密的、一对一的频繁互动密切相关。

总结

你的猫比你想象的要聪明得多,也敏锐得多。

  1. 它知道自己的名字:证据显示它们能从人类话语中把自己的名字听出来,只是它们通常选择用动动耳朵这种低调的方式回应,而不是像狗那样热情。
  2. 它知道你的名字:如果你生活在一个人口较多的家庭,并且养猫很久了,当你家人叫你的名字时,猫脑海里很可能浮现出了你的脸。
  3. 它知道室友的名字:家猫能分辨同住的其他猫的名字和长相,除非它们生活在像猫咖那样乱哄哄的环境里。

所以,下次你在家里叫另一只猫或者叫你的家人的时候,请注意,那只趴在沙发上看似睡觉的猫,其实心里可能正默默地在对号入座呢。

References

1Cats learn the names of their friend cats in their daily lives.PubMed

Saho Takagi, Atsuko Saito, Minori Arahori, et al.
Sci Rep. 2022 Apr 13;12(1):6155. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10261-5.
Humans communicate with each other through language, which enables us talk about things beyond time and space. Do non-human animals learn to associate human speech with specific objects in everyday life? We examined whether cats matched familiar cats' names and faces (Exp.1) and human family members' names and faces (Exp.2). Cats were presented with a photo of the familiar cat's face on a laptop monitor after hearing the same cat's name or another cat's name called by the subject cat's owner (Exp.1) or an experimenter (Exp.2). Half of the trials were in a congruent condition where the name and face matched, and half were in an incongruent (mismatch) condition. Results of Exp.1 showed that household cats paid attention to the monitor for longer in the incongruent condition, suggesting an expectancy violation effect; however, café cats did not. In Exp.2, cats living in larger human families were found to look at the monitor for increasingly longer durations in the incongruent condition. Furthermore, this tendency was stronger among cats that had lived with their human family for a longer time, although we could not rule out an effect of age. This study provides evidence that cats link a companion's name and corresponding face without explicit training.

2Catcalls: exotic cats discriminate the voices of familiar caregivers.PubMed

Taylor Crews, Jennifer Vonk, Molly McGuire
PeerJ. 2024 Feb 15;12:e16904. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16904. eCollection 2024.
BACKGROUND: The ability to differentiate familiar from unfamiliar humans has been considered a product of domestication or early experience. Few studies have focused on voice recognition in despite the fact that this family presents the rare opportunity to compare domesticated species to their wild counterparts and to examine the role of human rearing. METHODS: We tested whether non-domesticated species recognized familiar human voices by exposing them to audio playbacks of familiar and unfamiliar humans. In a pilot study, we presented seven cats of five species with playbacks of voices that varied in familiarity and use of the cats' names. In the main study, we presented 24 cats of 10 species with unfamiliar and then familiar voice playbacks using a habituation-dishabituation paradigm. We anticipated that human rearing and use of the cats' names would result in greater attention to the voices, as measured by the latency, intensity, and duration of responses regardless of subject sex and subfamily. RESULTS: Cats responded more quickly and with greater intensity (, full versus partial head turn, both ears moved versus one ear twitching) to the most familiar voice in both studies. They also responded for longer durations to the familiar voice compared to the unfamiliar voices in the main study. Use of the cats' name and rearing history did not significantly impact responding. These findings suggest that close human contact rather than domestication is associated with the ability to discriminate between human voices and that less social species may have socio-cognitive abilities akin to those of more gregarious species. With cats of all species being commonly housed in human care, it is important to know that they differentiate familiar from unfamiliar human voices.

3Vocal recognition of owners by domestic cats (Felis catus).PubMed

Atsuko Saito, Kazutaka Shinozuka
Anim Cogn. 2013 Jul;16(4):685-90. doi: 10.1007/s10071-013-0620-4. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
Domestic cats have had a 10,000-year history of cohabitation with humans and seem to have the ability to communicate with humans. However, this has not been widely examined. We studied 20 domestic cats to investigate whether they could recognize their owners by using voices that called out the subjects' names, with a habituation-dishabituation method. While the owner was out of the cat's sight, we played three different strangers' voices serially, followed by the owner's voice. We recorded the cat's reactions to the voices and categorized them into six behavioral categories. In addition, ten naive raters rated the cats' response magnitudes. The cats responded to human voices not by communicative behavior (vocalization and tail movement), but by orienting behavior (ear movement and head movement). This tendency did not change even when they were called by their owners. Of the 20 cats, 15 demonstrated a lower response magnitude to the third voice than to the first voice. These habituated cats showed a significant rebound in response to the subsequent presentation of their owners' voices. This result indicates that cats are able to use vocal cues alone to distinguish between humans.

4Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action.PubMed

Motohiro Tomizawa, John E Casida
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:247-68. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930.
The neonicotinoids, the newest major class of insecticides, have outstanding potency and systemic action for crop protection against piercing-sucking pests, and they are highly effective for flea control on cats and dogs. Their common names are acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam. They generally have low toxicity to mammals (acute and chronic), birds, and fish. Biotransformations involve some activation reactions but largely detoxification mechanisms. In contrast to nicotine, epibatidine, and other ammonium or iminium nicotinoids, which are mostly protonated at physiological pH, the neonicotinoids are not protonated and have an electronegative nitro or cyano pharmacophore. Agonist recognition by the nicotinic receptor involves cation-pi interaction for nicotinoids in mammals and possibly a cationic subsite for interaction with the nitro or cyano substituent of neonicotinoids in insects. The low affinity of neonicotinoids for vertebrate relative to insect nicotinic receptors is a major factor in their favorable toxicological profile.

5Auditory perception and speech evolution.PubMed

R M Warren
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1976;280:708-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25532.x.
Human speech perception seems to involve the ability to recognize groupings of speech sounds rather than component phonemes, and to distinguish between permuted orders of items within sequences as holistic entities. Humans can use this Holistic Pattern Recognition (HPR) not only with speech and music, but also with sequences of arbitrarily selected sounds after very little practice. Infrahuman primates, cats, chinchillas, and birds also seem to employ HPR with auditory sequences. Further, there is recent evidence that animals unable to produce speech sounds can nevertheless discriminate between closely related phonemes. Thus, it appears that human speech perception employs prelinguistic abilities shared with other animals to distinguish between phonemic groupings. Of course, use of speech for communication also requires establishment of phonemic groupings as symbols, and sequential arrangement of these symbols, by rule, to convey the desired message. Identification of Components and their Order (ICO) for auditory sequences is limited to humans. ICO involves verbal categorization and storage of the names for successive auditory items as they appear, followed by retrieval or the names in the order stored. Thus, direct identification of the order of sounds within auditory sequences rests upon verbal ability, which provides an explanation for the difficulty that aphasics have in identifying order within nonverbal sequences. Much confusion in the literature on auditory sequence perception seems to have resulted from a failure to differentiate between HPR and ICO.

6BONEs not CATs attract DOGs: Semantic context effects for picture naming in the lesioned language network.PubMed

Danièle Pino, Andreas Mädebach, Jörg D Jescheniak, et al.
Neuroimage. 2022 Feb 1;246:118767. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118767. Epub 2021 Nov 29.
The breakdown of rapid and accurate retrieval of words is a hallmark of aphasic speech and a prime target of therapeutic intervention. Complementary, psycho- and neurolinguistic research have developed a spectrum of models, how and by which neuronal network uncompromised speakers can rely on remarkable lexical retrieval capacities. Motivated by both lines of research we invited 32 participants with a chronic left hemispheric brain lesion to name pictures in the presence of distractor words. This picture-word-interference (PWI) paradigm is widely used in psycho- and neurolinguistic research. We find that also after brain lesion categorically related words (CAT → [dog]) impede naming, while associatively related words (BONE → [dog]) ease access, when compared to unrelated distractor words. The effects largely affecting latencies in neurotypical populations, are reproduced for error rate in our participants with lesions in the language network. Unsurprisingly, overall naming abilities varied greatly across patients. Notably, however, the two effects (categorical interference / associative facilitation) differ between participants. Correlating performance with lesion patterns we find support for the notion of a divergence of brain areas affording different aspects of the task: (i) lesions in the left middle temporal gyurs (MTG) deteriorate overall naming, confirming previous work; more notably, (ii) lesions comprising the inferior frontal hub (inferior frontal gyrus, IFG) of the language-network increase the interference effect for the categorical condition; on the contrary, (iii) lesions to the mid-to-posterior temporal hub (posterior middle and superior temporal gyri, pMTG/ pSTG) increase the facilitatory effect for the associative condition on error rates. The findings can be accommodated in a neuro-linguistic framework, which localizes lexical activation but also lexical interference in posterior parts of the language network (pMTG/pITG); conversely, selection between co-activated categorically related entries is afforded by frontal language areas (IFG). While purely experimental in nature our study highlights that lesion site differentially influences specific aspects of word retrieval. Since confrontational naming is a cornerstone of aphasia rehabilitation, this may be of note when designing and evaluating novel therapeutic regimes.

7Organization of semantic category exemplars in schizophrenia.PubMed

Stephen T Moelter, S Kristian Hill, Paul Hughett, et al.
Schizophr Res. 2005 Oct 15;78(2-3):209-17. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.06.011.
Semantic memory was investigated in 27 individuals with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls using an animal similarity judgment and organization test with reduced retrieval demands. Participants arranged 12 common animal names according to similarity on a computer screen and provided verbal descriptions of organizational strategies. Distance between each animal pair was compared to the number of shared semantic attributes between the pairs (e.g., size, diet, habitat). The three primary organizational strategies included single animals not related to other exemplars, isolated clusters of animals that shared a single strategic relationship (e.g., pets), and overlapping clusters that combined more than one strategic relationship (e.g., cats and mammals). A strong negative correlation was observed between distance ratings and number of shared semantic attributes, confirming that semantic features related to visual distances in both groups. Animal pairs that shared few semantic attributes were placed in closer proximity in the schizophrenia group, whereas the groups placed animal pairs sharing more features equidistantly. Analyses of clustering strategies revealed a double dissociation, with patients relying on isolated, non-overlapping clusters and controls producing more overlapping semantic clusters. Results suggest that performance differences on semantic tasks with limited retrieval demands in schizophrenia relate to difficulties utilizing higher-order categorization strategies.
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