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  3. 环吡胺酮脂质体:抗真菌治疗的新突破与未来展望

环吡胺酮脂质体:抗真菌治疗的新突破与未来展望

文献检索行在路上发表于 2026年06月23日 15:404阅读
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环吡胺酮脂质体研究进展怎样?

环吡胺酮脂质体作为一种药物递送系统,在提高药物的生物利用度、稳定性、靶向性以及降低毒性方面展现出显著优势,并已在真菌感染的治疗中取得了重要进展。以下将从多个方面详细阐述环吡胺酮脂质体的研究进展:

1. 环吡胺酮(Ciclopirox Olamine, CPO)概述

环吡胺酮(CPO)是一种广谱抗真菌剂,同时具有抗菌和抗炎活性。它被广泛应用于局部治疗各种真菌感染,包括皮肤真菌病和甲真菌病。甲真菌病是一种常见的指甲疾病,影响高达14%的人口,并对患者的生活质量产生显著影响。甲真菌病的病原体主要是皮肤癣菌,特别是红色毛癣菌和指间毛癣菌,其次是念珠菌和非皮肤癣菌霉菌。口服抗真菌药物如特比萘芬和伊曲康唑常用于治疗甲真菌病,但其长期疗效不尽如人意,存在治疗失败、复发和再感染等问题。局部用药(如环吡胺酮和阿莫罗芬指甲油)通过特殊的经甲药物递送系统确保高浓度和长时间接触,可以改善这一情况。然而,传统环吡胺酮制剂在皮肤渗透和停留时间方面存在不足,导致治疗方案漫长。

2. 脂质体技术及其在药物递送中的应用

脂质体是一种由脂质双层膜构成的囊泡,能够包裹药物,并在体内定向释放。由于其惰性、无毒性和生物相容性等优越特性,脂质体已成为常规制剂以及新型控释或靶向递送系统的多功能赋形剂。脂质体的主要优势包括:

  • 改善药物生物利用度和稳定性: 脂质体可以保护药物免受降解,提高其在体内的稳定性和吸收效率。
  • 改善制剂的物理机械性能: 脂质体可以改变药物的溶解度、粘度、亲水性等,从而改善制剂的物理机械性能。
  • 调节药物释放速率: 通过调整脂质体组成和结构,可以实现药物的缓释或控释,延长药物在体内的作用时间。
  • 延长脂质体体内循环时间: 某些聚合物(如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,PVP)可以延长脂质体的体内循环时间,增加药物与靶部位的接触机会。

3. 环吡胺酮脂质体的研究进展

为了克服传统环吡胺酮制剂的局限性,研究人员积极探索将其封装于脂质体中,以期提高其治疗效果并降低副作用。目前,环吡胺酮脂质体的研究主要集中在以下几个方面:

3.1. 制备与表征

环吡胺酮脂质体的制备通常通过薄膜水化法、乙醇注射法等进行。制备完成后,需对其进行详细表征,包括:

  • 粒径、多分散指数(PDI)和zeta电位: 这些参数影响脂质体的稳定性和体内行为。例如,一项研究中优化的载环吡胺酮脂质体(CPO-LipoC)和隐形脂质体(CPO-LipoS)的平均粒径为101.4 ± 0.7 nm,PDI为0.307。另一项研究中制备的环吡胺酮非离子表面活性剂双层囊泡(niosomes)粒径范围为170-280 nm。
  • 药物包封效率(EE%): 反映脂质体包裹药物的能力。上述研究中的CPO-LipoS包封效率达到96.4 ± 0.9%,而另一项研究中优化的杂化囊泡的包封效率高达94.4%。
  • 形态学和热性质: 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术观察纳米颗粒的结构。
  • 体外释放曲线: 评估药物从脂质体中释放的速率和模式。

3.2. 提高皮肤渗透性和局部停留时间

环吡胺酮作为局部用药,其皮肤渗透性和局部停留时间是影响疗效的关键因素。脂质体可以显著改善这些特性:

  • 非离子表面活性剂双层囊泡(Niosomes): 一项研究探索了以Span 60、胆固醇和磷酸二乙酯制备的非离子表面活性剂双层囊泡作为环吡胺酮的皮肤递送载体。结果显示,与普通环吡胺酮溶液和市售产品相比,非离子表面活性剂双层囊泡分散液及其凝胶中环吡胺酮在大鼠皮肤中的沉积量显著更高,表明其有望用于皮肤保留环吡胺酮。
  • 杂化纳米囊泡: 另一项研究设计了基于胆固醇、Lipoid S45或Phospholipon 90H与Span 60的杂化纳米囊泡,并结合渗透增强剂(Labrafac或Labrasol)来增强环吡胺酮的口腔黏膜渗透。优化的配方显示出最小的囊泡尺寸、最高的包封效率和持续的环吡胺酮释放模式,并且在体外和体内(感染兔子模型)均显示出增强的抗真菌活性,提示其作为延长局部抗真菌治疗的潜在递送系统。
  • 脂质扩散增强剂: 研究发现,当环吡胺酮与新型脂质扩散增强剂配方时,其在指甲深层和甲床中的累积浓度显著高于商业环吡胺酮指甲油,且远超抑制致病皮肤癣菌生长的最低抑制浓度(MIC)。这表明脂质途径可以作为有效经甲递送的手段,使局部环吡胺酮与脂质增强剂具有治疗甲真菌病的潜力。

3.3. 抗真菌活性与毒性评估

环吡胺酮脂质体在保持甚至增强抗真菌活性的同时,致力于降低药物的毒性。

  • 针对新生隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans): 一项研究评估了载有环吡胺酮的隐形脂质体(CPO-LipoS)对新生隐球菌临床分离株的功效和无毒性。CPO-LipoS在免疫抑制小鼠中以0.5 mg/kg/天给药14天,未观察到肝脏和肾脏的组织病理学改变,证实其无毒性。感染新生隐球菌的免疫抑制小鼠在接受CPO-LipoS治疗后,脾脏、肝脏、肺部和大脑中的真菌负荷显著降低,所有受感染动物均存活至实验结束。这表明CPO-LipoS对新生隐球菌具有抗真菌活性,且环吡胺酮封装于隐形脂质体中使其能够作为全身性药物用于治疗隐球菌病。值得注意的是,单独的环吡胺酮也被鉴定为对新生隐球菌具有抗真菌活性的药物之一。
  • 针对皮肤癣菌(Dermatophytes): 虽然没有直接提及环吡胺酮脂质体对抗皮肤癣菌的研究,但有关于两性霉素B载脂质体对抗指间毛癣菌和红色毛癣菌的研究表明,载药纳米脂质体显示出比单独使用两性霉素B和脂质体更低的MIC,并且未在任何测试菌株中诱导耐药性。这提示载药纳米脂质体具有较低诱导皮肤癣菌耐药性的可能性,可作为局部治疗甲真菌病的强效抗真菌剂。由于环吡胺酮本身对皮肤癣菌有效,因此环吡胺酮脂质体也可能在治疗这类感染中发挥类似优势。

3.4. 与其他药物的联合应用

为了提高治疗效果,环吡胺酮脂质体也可以考虑与其他抗真菌药物联合应用,或者与渗透增强剂结合。

  • 与口服抗真菌药物联合: 环吡胺酮指甲油与特比萘芬和伊曲康唑等口服抗真菌剂联合使用,可以提高抗真菌治疗的疗效。
  • 与新型脂质扩散增强剂: 如前所述,将环吡胺酮与新型脂质扩散增强剂配方,可以显著提高其在指甲深层和甲床的药物浓度,从而增强疗效。

4. 挑战与未来方向

尽管环吡胺酮脂质体研究取得了显著进展,但仍面临一些挑战和发展方向:

  • 规模化生产与成本: 脂质体药物的规模化生产和高昂的生产成本是限制其广泛应用的主要因素。
  • 长期稳定性: 脂质体在储存过程中的物理和化学稳定性仍需进一步优化,以确保药物的疗效和安全性。
  • 体内药代动力学和生物分布: 尽管已有动物模型研究,但更深入地了解环吡胺酮脂质体在人体内的药代动力学、生物分布和清除途径对于临床转化至关重要。
  • 靶向递送: 开发更具特异性的靶向脂质体系统,将环吡胺酮精确递送至感染部位,以最大程度地提高疗效并减少全身副作用。
  • 新型材料的探索: 探索新型生物相容性材料,以制备具有更优越性能的脂质体或类脂质体载体。
  • 多功能脂质体: 开发具有多功能性的脂质体,例如同时递送多种药物,或结合诊断成像功能,实现“治疗诊断一体化”。

总结

环吡胺酮脂质体作为一种创新药物递送系统,在提高环吡胺酮的抗真菌活性、改善药物渗透性、延长局部停留时间以及降低全身毒性方面展现出巨大的潜力。特别是在治疗新生隐球菌感染方面,载环吡胺酮的隐形脂质体已在动物模型中显示出显著疗效和安全性。在局部治疗如甲真菌病等感染时,脂质体和新型脂质扩散增强剂的运用,也显著提升了环吡胺酮在感染部位的药物浓度,预示着更有效的治疗前景。随着对脂质体技术和环吡胺酮作用机制的深入理解,以及新材料和制备工艺的不断发展,环吡胺酮脂质体有望在未来成为治疗各种真菌感染,尤其是那些传统治疗方案效果不佳或存在毒性问题的感染,的重要选择。

References

1The in vitro effect of nanoliposomal amphotericin B against two clinically important dermatophytes.PubMed

Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi, Azam Fattahi, Atefeh Naeimifar, et al.
AIMS: The present study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes against Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum. Moreover, it was attempted to assess the obtained resistance in vitro. METHODS: In total, 29 archived clinical strains, namely, T. interdigitale (n = 16) and T. rubrum (n = 13), were included in this study. These strains were determined using a previous ITS1-ITS2 region sequence. Moreover, a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B was formulated by a thin-film hydration method. Particle size, polydispersity index (PdI), and zeta potential (ZP) were measured by a Zetasizer. Furthermore, physicochemical properties, such as appearance, aggregation of particles, particle size, PdI, and ZP, were determined at 0-, 1-, and 3-month intervals. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also used to examine nanoparticles structure. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes, itraconazole, efinaconazole, terbinafine, and ciclopirox was determined according to the protocol of the broth microdilution method of CLSI M38-A2. The morphological changes of T. interdigitale and T. rubrum strains exposed to the amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes were observed using SEM. RESULTS: The amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes displayed a lower MIC compared to those of the amphotericin B and liposomes when used separately. Based on the results, amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes induced no drug resistance in any of the tested strains. CONCLUSION: Accordingly, amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes can be a potent antifungal for the topical treatment of onychomycosis. There was no in vitro evidence regarding the resistance of the tested strains to amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes. This reflects that amphotericin B-loaded nanoliposomes have a low probability to induce drug resistance in dermatophyte species.

2Efficacy and non-toxicity of ciclopirox olamine-loaded liposomes against Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates.PubMed

Patrícia de Oliveira Kocerginsky, Pedro Henrique Dos Santos Soares, Hannah Ferreira Soares Lyra, et al.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and non-toxicity of ciclopirox olamine-loaded liposomes against Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates. Initially, 24-1 fractional experimental design was carried out to obtain an optimized formulation of liposomes containing CPO (CPO-LipoC), which were then used to prepare stealth liposomes (CPO-LipoS). Liposomal formulations were characterized by their mean size diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and drug encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Immunosuppressed mice were exposed to CPO-LipoS at 0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days to verify possible histopathological alterations in the liver and kidneys. Immunosuppressed mice infected with C. neoformans were treated with CPO-LipoS at 0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days to quantify the fungal burden in spleen, liver, lungs, and brain. CPO-LipoS presented a mean size diameter, PDI, and EE% of 101.4 ± 0.7 nm, 0.307, and 96.4 ± 0.9%, respectively. CPO-LipoS was non-toxic for the liver and kidneys of immunosuppressed mice. At the survival curve, all infected animals submitted to treatment with CPO-LipoS survived until the end of the experiment. Treatment with CPO-LipoS reduced C. neoformans cells in the spleen (59.3 ± 3.4%), liver (75.0 ± 3.6%), lungs (75.7 ± 6.7%), and brain (54.2 ± 3.2%). CPO-LipoS exhibit antifungal activity against C. neoformans, and the encapsulation of CPO into stealth liposomes allows its use as a systemic drug for treating cryptococcosis.

3Multifunctional Role of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in Pharmaceutical Formulations.PubMed

Yu Luo, Yanlong Hong, Lan Shen, et al.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a non-ionic polymer, has been employed in multifarious fields such as paper, fibers and textiles, ceramics, and pharmaceutics due to its superior properties. Especially in pharmacy, the properties of inertness, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility make it a versatile excipient for both conventional formulations and novel controlled or targeted delivery systems, serving as a binder, coating agent, suspending agent, pore-former, solubilizer, stabilizer, etc. PVP with different molecular weights (MWs) and concentrations is used in a variety of formulations for different purposes. In this review, PVP-related researches mainly in recent 10 years were collected, and its main pharmaceutical applications were summarized as follows: (i) improving the bioavailability and stability of drugs, (ii) improving the physicomechanical properties of preparations, (iii) adjusting the release rate of drugs, and (iv) prolonging the in vivo circulation time of liposomes. Most of these applications could be explained by the viscosity, solubility, hydrophilicity, and hydrogen bond-forming ability of PVP, and the specific action mechanisms for each application were also tried to figure out. The effect of PVP on bioavailability improvement establishes it as a promising polymer in the emerging controlled or targeted formulations, attracting growing interest on it. Therefore, given its irreplaceability and tremendous opportunities for future developments, this review aims to provide an informative reference about current roles of PVP in pharmacy for interested readers.

4Identification of Off-Patent Drugs That Show Synergism with Amphotericin B or That Present Antifungal Action against Cryptococcus neoformans and spp.PubMed

Suélen Andreia Rossi, Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira, Daniel Agreda-Mellon, et al.
Amphotericin B (AmB) is the antifungal with the strongest fungicidal activity, but its use has several limitations, mainly associated with its toxicity. Although some lipidic and liposomal formulations that present reduced toxicity are available, their price limits their application in developing countries. Flucytosine (5FC) has shown synergistic effect with AmB for treatment of some fungal infections, such as cryptococcosis, but again, its price is a limitation for its use in many regions. In the present work, we aimed to identify new drugs that have a minor effect on , reducing its growth in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of AmB. In the initial screening, we found fourteen drugs that had this pattern. Later, checkerboard assays of selected compounds, such as erythromycin, riluzole, nortriptyline, chenodiol, nisoldipine, promazine, chlorcyclizine, cloperastine, and glimepiride, were performed and all of them confirmed for their synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] < 0.5). Additionally, toxicity of these drugs in combination with AmB was tested in mammalian cells and in zebrafish embryos. Harmless compounds, such as the antibiotic erythromycin, were found to have synergic activity with AmB, not only against but also against some spp., in particular against In parallel, we identified drugs that had antifungal activity against and found 43 drugs that completely inhibited the growth of this fungus, such as ciclopirox and auranofin. Our results expand our knowledge about antifungal compounds and open new perspectives in the treatment of invasive mycosis based on repurposing off-patent drugs.

5Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management.PubMed

Archana Singal, Deepshikha Khanna
Onychomycosis is a common nail ailment associated with significant physical and psychological morbidity. Increased prevalence in the recent years is attributed to enhanced longevity, comorbid conditions such as diabetes, avid sports participation, and emergence of HIV. Dermatophytes are the most commonly implicated etiologic agents, particularly Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, followed by Candida species and non dermatophytic molds (NDMs). Several clinical variants have been recognized. Candida onychomycosis affects fingernails more often and is accompanied by paronychia. NDM molds should be suspected in patients with history of trauma and associated periungual inflammation. Diagnosis is primarily based upon KOH examination, culture and histopathological examinations of nail clippings and nail biopsy. Adequate and appropriate sample collection is vital to pinpoint the exact etiological fungus. Various improvisations have been adopted to improve the fungal isolation. Culture is the gold standard, while histopathology is often performed to diagnose and differentiate onychomycosis from other nail disorders such as psoriasis and lichen planus. Though rarely used, DNA-based methods are effective for identifying mixed infections and quantification of fungal load. Various treatment modalities including topical, systemic and surgical have been used.Topically, drugs (ciclopirox and amorolfine nail lacquers) are delivered through specialized transungual drug delivery systems ensuring high concentration and prolonged contact. Commonly used oral therapeutic agents include terbinafine, fluconazole, and itraconazole. Terbinafine and itraconazole are given as continuous as well as intermittent regimes. Continuous terbinafine appears to be the most effective regime for dermatophyte onychomycosis. Despite good therapeutic response to newer modalities, long-term outcome is unsatisfactory due to therapeutic failure, relapse, and reinfection. To combat the poor response, newer strategies such as combination, sequential, and supplementary therapies have been suggested. In the end, treatment of special populations such as diabetic, elderly, and children is outlined.

6Formulation and Evaluation of Novel Hybridized Nanovesicles for Enhancing Buccal Delivery of Ciclopirox Olamine.PubMed

Mona M AbouSamra, Alaa H Salama, Ghada E A Awad, et al.
Ciclopirox olamine (CPO) is a topical wide-spectrum antimycotic agent that possesses antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Loading CPO into a hybridized vesicular system is expected to enhance its buccal permeation and hence, therapeutic activity, whereas the frequent administration and side effects are reduced. Vesicular systems with high penetration ability were prepared based on cholesterol, Lipoid S45 or Phospholipon 90H, with span 60 while incorporating a penetration enhancer (Labrafac or labrasol) followed by full assessment of their size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release profiles. The optimum formulation, composed of Lipoid S45 and Labrafac, possessed the smallest vesicle size (346.1 nm), highest entrapment efficiency (94.4%), and sustained CPO release pattern, and was characterized for its morphology and thermal properties. This powerful mixture of the penetration enhancers (Lipoid S45 and Labrafac) in the designed hybridized vesicles was thoroughly investigated for their characteristics after being incorporated in bioadhesive gel. Moreover, enhanced antifungal activity was demonstrated either upon testing the designed formulation on agar plates or in vivo upon treating infected rabbits with the proposed formulation. Results suggest that the presented bioadhesive gel incorporating the CPO-loaded vesicles can be a promising delivery system that can offer a prolonged localized antifungal treatment with enhanced therapeutic effect.

7Amorolfine vs. ciclopirox - lacquers for the treatment of onychomycosis.PubMed

Katarzyna Tabara, Anna E Szewczyk, Wojciech Bienias, et al.
Amorolfine 5% and ciclopirox 8% nail lacquers are commonly used in topical treatment of onychomycosis. These formulations may be used alone or in combination with oral antifungal agents. Amorolfine and ciclopirox are valuable therapeutic options, however, their usage in monotherapy should be limited. Proper amorolfine and ciclopirox penetration through the nail plate is provided by transungual drug delivery systems. Although amorolfine and ciclopirox have a different mode of action, they both exhibit a broad antifungal activity. The use of antifungal nail lacquers in combination with oral agents, such as terbinafine and itraconazole, improves efficacy of antifungal therapy.

8Studies on nonionic surfactant bilayer vesicles of ciclopirox olamine.PubMed

Karimunnisa Sameer Shaikh, Bothiraja Chellampillai, Atmaram Pandurang Pawar
CONTEXT: Niosomal delivery can prove an alternative to improve the poor skin penetration and residence of the topical antifungal drugs that account for the long treatment regimes in cutaneous mycosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate niosomes as carriers for dermal delivery of ciclopirox olamine (CPO), a broad spectrum antifungal drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Niosomes were prepared by ethanol injection method using Span 60, cholesterol, diacetyl phosphate according to 3(2) factorial design and evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in vitro and ex vivo deposition in skin and stability study. RESULTS: Unilamellar CPO niosomes of size 170-280 nm, entrapment efficiency 38-68%, and sufficient electrokinetic stability were obtained. Percent drug deposition in artificial membrane varied from 12.75 to 92.74. Deposition of CPO into rat skin from niosomal dispersion and its gel was significantly higher than that of plain CPO solution and its marketed product. Obtained niosomes possessed sufficient stability on storage. DISCUSSION: Increasing amounts of Span 60 and cholesterol increase the vesicle size probably because of entrapment of CPO-ionized molecules in the aqueous compartment and interaction of its unionized counterpart with the bilayer constituents leading to increase in bilayer thickness. Consequently, the percent entrapment efficiency also increased. However, increasing Span 60 levels decreased the in vitro percent drug deposition. This might be attributed to the larger size of vesicles produced by high amounts of surfactant that showed poor deposition. The optimized batch possessed sufficient stability. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation suggest that niosomes are promising tools for cutaneous retention of CPO.

9Ciclopirox delivery into the human nail plate using novel lipid diffusion enhancers.PubMed

Farhaan Hafeez, Xiaoying Hui, Marc Selner, et al.
CONTEXT: Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nail plate and bed that affects up to 14% of the population and can have a substantial impact on the quality of life of those affected. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the onychopharmacokinetics, nail absorption, nail distribution, and nail penetration of [(14)C]-ciclopirox dissolved in novel lipid diffusion enhancers with that of a commercial ciclopirox nail lacquer using the in vitro finite dose model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The penetration rate of ciclopirox was determined by applying doses of topical formulation twice daily to human nail plates for 11 d. Drug absorption was then measured by monitoring its rate of appearance in each nail layer and in the cotton pad/nail supporting bed. RESULTS: After a multiple day treatment, cumulative concentrations of ciclopirox formulated with lipid enhancers in the deep nail layer and the nail bed were significantly greater than cumulative concentrations of the commercial ciclopirox lacquer (p < 0.001) as well as several orders of magnitude greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) deemed necessary to inhibit the growth of the causative dermatophyte species. CONCLUSION: When formulated with lipid enhancers, the amount of ciclopirox in the ventral/intermediate layer and supporting bed dramatically exceed the inhibitory concentration of ciclopirox for the most common onychomycosis organisms. These results suggest that topical ciclopirox with lipid enhancers has the potential to be an effective topical treatment for onychomycosis, and the lipidic pathway of the nail can be utilized as a means of effective transungual delivery.
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