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固态电池硫化物电解质界面稳定性领域有哪些值得进一步研究的选题
固态电池（ASSBs）中的硫化物电解质因其高离子导电性和易于加工的特性，被认为是下一代电池技术中极具前景的候选材料。然而，硫化物电解质与电极之间的界面稳定性问题，以及与锂金属负极的副反应、锂枝晶生长和不良界面接触等挑战，严重阻碍了其商业化应用。因此，在固态电池硫化物电解质界面稳定性领域，以下几个方面值得进一步深入研究：
1. 界面失效机制的深入理解与表征
尽管已经对硫化物固态电解质与锂金属负极界面失效机制进行了初步探讨，包括电子失效、化学与电化学失效、机械失效以及电化学-机械力学耦合失效，但这些机制的具体细节和相互作用仍然需要更深入的研究。
- 多尺度原位表征技术应用： 需要开发和应用先进的原位表征技术，如原位差分相位衬度扫描透射电子显微镜（DPC-STEM）来直接观察界面锂离子积累的空间电荷层效应、同步加速器X射线衍射、振动光谱和核磁共振（NMR）等，以实时揭示锂枝晶的形成机制和抑制策略的有效性。此外，原位X射线吸收光谱（XAS）和计算模型可以用于确认界面反应产物的形成，例如在铜和不锈钢集流体界面形成的磷酸盐和硫酸盐物种。
- 空间电荷层（SCL）效应： SCL被认为是导致ASSLIBs中界面锂离子传输缓慢的原因之一。通过DPC-STEM技术和有限元模拟，可以进一步研究内置电场和化学势耦合策略如何减少SCL的形成并促进锂离子跨电极/电解质界面的传输，以深化对SCL机制的理解。
- 化学与电化学反应产物分析： 硫化物电解质与锂金属（或其他负极材料）之间的化学和电化学反应会产生不稳定的界面层，影响离子传输和电池寿命。对这些反应产物的组成、结构和演化过程进行详细分析，例如通过XAS确认磷酸盐和硫酸盐物种的形成，有助于理解界面退化机制。
2. 负极界面修饰与工程
锂金属负极与硫化物电解质之间的界面不稳定性是ASSBs面临的主要挑战之一。因此，负极界面修饰和工程是关键的研究方向。
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界面修饰层的构建：
- 人工界面层的设计与制备： 通过构建人工界面层可以有效减轻电解质还原和促进锂离子扩散。例如，在锂金属和硫化物电解质之间引入LiFSI（双(氟磺酰)亚胺锂）可以原位生成富含LiF的界面层，有效抑制枝晶生长并提高循环稳定性。利用脉冲激光沉积（PLD）技术可以在铜箔上顺序沉积薄锂层和LLZO（锂镧锆氧）层，LLZO涂层能增强与硫化物电解质的界面稳定性，减少界面电阻并减轻锂枝晶生长。
- 多功能界面层的开发： 探索能够同时解决机械应力、化学腐蚀和电子绝缘问题的多功能界面层。这些层可以通过复合材料、梯度结构或自修复材料来实现，以提高整体界面稳定性。
- 预锂化策略： 铝（Al）负极预锂化后与Li6PS5Cl（LPSCl）电解质表现出出色的界面稳定性，在深充放电条件下可稳定循环超过1200小时。这表明预锂化铝负极与高镍正极结合使用，可以实现高能量密度和高稳定性的ASSLB。对其他负极材料的预锂化策略及其与硫化物电解质的兼容性也值得进一步研究。
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锂合金负极的应用与改进： 锂合金，如锂-铟（Li-In）合金，因其（电）化学稳定性而被广泛应用于实验室研究。然而，在高电流密度和高正极载量下，Li-In合金仍可能形成枝晶结构，导致电池短路。未来的研究应聚焦于：
- 抑制锂合金枝晶生长： 深入研究锂合金枝晶的形成机制，并开发新的合金组分或界面修饰策略，以抑制其不规则生长。
- 新型合金材料的探索： 寻找在具有高离子导电性的硫化物电解质中能提供更好（电）化学稳定性和形态稳定性的新型锂合金材料。
3. 正极界面稳定性研究
尽管负极界面问题更为突出，但正极与硫化物电解质的界面稳定性同样重要。
- 正极材料的兼容性： 硫化物电解质与层状氧化物正极材料（如LiCoO2、LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2）的兼容性有待提高。研究新型硫化物电解质（如Li6+xMxAs1-xS5I (M=Si, Sn)）与现有正极材料的匹配性，或开发针对硫化物电解质优化的新型正极材料，是未来的一个方向。
- 界面副反应抑制： 硫化物电解质与正极材料之间也可能发生副反应，形成高阻抗界面层。通过表面涂层、界面改性或正极材料结构优化等策略，抑制这些副反应，对于提高电池性能至关重要。例如，掺杂改性的硫化物电解质Li6P0.95Mo0.05S4.85O0.15Cl1.05在与LiCoO2正极的电池中表现出改进的循环稳定性，这可能与界面处的稳定Li3OCl生成有关。
4. 硫化物电解质的改性与优化
硫化物电解质本身的固有缺点，如对潮湿空气敏感性、机械强度不足和与锂金属的反应性，也需要通过材料改性来解决。
- 水分稳定性提升： 硫化物电解质在潮湿空气中容易分解，释放H2S气体，影响其稳定性和安全性。研究和开发对水分更稳定的硫化物电解质，如通过掺杂改性（例如Mo-O双掺杂的argyrodite Li6P1-xMoxS5-3xO3xCl1+x电解质，其H2S气体产出量显著降低，并表现出优异的空气暴露后的结构稳定性），或通过构建气密性保护层，是重要的研究方向。
- 机械性能增强： 硫化物电解质的机械强度不足可能导致锂枝晶穿透。通过复合电解质（如LPSC、PEG和LiFSI的复合）的引入可以提高机械强度和韧性，从而增强固体颗粒间的粘附并改善与锂负极的物理接触。探索纳米结构化、梯度结构或自修复材料等策略来增强其机械强度和抑制枝晶生长。
- 离子导电性与电化学稳定性平衡： 虽然硫化物电解质通常具有高离子导电性，但仍需在保持高导电性的同时，提升其电化学稳定性窗口，以兼容高电压正极和锂金属负极。例如，通过控制氯含量和冷却过程，可以调控Li|SE界面的微观结构和界面组成，形成富含LiCl的界面层，从而改善电池循环性能。
- 新硫化物体系的探索： 探索新的硫化物电解质化学体系，例如Li6+xMxAs1-xS5I (M=Si, Sn)，这些材料在与Li-In负极和Ti2S正极结合时表现出超长循环寿命和良好的功率性能。
5. 集流体与硫化物电解质的兼容性研究
集流体的选择和界面性质对全固态电池的整体性能至关重要。
- 集流体的化学和电化学稳定性： 研究不同集流体材料（如铜、镍、不锈钢、铝、铝-碳）与硫化物电解质（如Li6PS5Cl）的化学和电化学稳定性。结果表明，不锈钢、镍、铝和铝/碳具有良好的化学稳定性，而铜、锂和铜/锂在硫化物电解质中腐蚀敏感性较高。
- 钝化层的影响： 集流体表面自发形成的氧化物钝化层（如铜上的Cu2O/CuO和不锈钢上的Cr2O3）对界面稳定性具有被忽视的作用。深入研究这些钝化层如何影响锂沉积行为和界面电阻，以及其与硫化物电解质的反应机制。研究表明，在不锈钢上界面电阻高于铜，且两种集流体界面都会形成磷酸盐和硫酸盐物种。
- 人工界面工程： 基于对钝化层作用的理解，设计并工程化人工界面以改善集流体与硫化物电解质的兼容性，提高锂的沉积/剥离效率。例如，在铜集流体上工程化人工界面可以显著改善锂的沉积/剥离效率。
6. 电池整体性能与长期稳定性
最终目标是实现具有高能量密度、高安全性和长循环寿命的全固态电池。
- 电池组装工艺优化： 湿化学工艺被认为是一种有前景的固态电池工业化方法。因此，在湿化学工艺下，如何选择合适的集流体，以及优化电池组装过程以确保电极与电解质之间良好的物理接触和界面稳定性，是需要解决的问题。
- 循环稳定性与安全性评估： 开发更严格的测试标准和方法来评估ASSBs在长期循环和极端条件下的性能和安全性，包括锂枝晶形成、界面退化、短路风险和热失控等。
- 成本效益分析与可扩展性： 考虑工业化生产的成本和可扩展性，开发低成本、高性能的硫化物电解质和界面工程策略，推动ASSBs从实验室研究走向商业应用。
综上所述，固态电池硫化物电解质界面稳定性领域的研究应聚焦于从微观层面深入理解界面失效机制，通过创新的界面修饰策略、电解质和电极材料改性以及集流体优化，最终实现兼具高能量密度、高安全性和长循环寿命的固态电池。
References
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Artur Tron, Alexander Beutl, Irshad Mohammad, et al.
Abstract Recently, sulfide-based electrolytes, including the argyrodite family (Li 6 PS 5 X, X = Cl, Br, I), are considered promising candidates for all-solid-state battery fabrication due to their high ionic conductivity. However, from the industrial point of view, other parameters such as the chemical and electrochemical stability toward current collectors are equally important, but often neglected. Although many efforts have been directed toward the investigation, optimization and testing of sulfide electrolytes into a press device (10 MPa) with a stainless-steel current collector, the investigation of the current collector’s behavior in contact with sulfide solid electrolytes in coin cell (0.2 MPa) or pouch cell (0.1-0.2 MPa) formats is still an open question. In this work, the systematic physicochemical and electrochemical analyses of copper, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, and aluminum-carbon current collectors in contact with the Li 6 PS 5 Cl electrolyte in coin cell format configuration is reported, enabling the understanding of the reaction mechanisms. While SS, Ni, Al and Al/C show good chemical stability, Cu, Li, and Cu/Li have high corrosion susceptibility in sulfide electrolytes. Therefore, this study supports the selection of appropriate current collectors for fabricating sulfide-based components, especially via the wet chemistry process which is a promising approach for the industrialization of solid-state batteries with sulfide electrolyte.
2Research progress in interfacial engineering of anodes for sulfide-based solid-state lithium metal batteriesOpenAlex
Jun Wei, Nan Chen, Renjie Chen
硫化物基固态锂金属电池因其高能量密度和良好的安全性，成为下一代电池研究的热点。然而，硫化物固态电解质与锂金属负极界面处的副反应、锂枝晶生长以及差的界面接触问题，导致电化学性能下降和安全风险增加，阻碍了硫化物固态锂金属电池的发展。本文讨论了硫化物固态电解质与锂金属负极界面存在的问题，系统梳理了负极界面失效的主要机制，包括电子失效、化学与电化学失效、机械失效以及电化学-机械力学耦合失效。在此基础上，详细总结了针对界面问题的优化策略与最新研究进展，包括界面修饰层的构建、锂合金负极和电解质的改性。通过评估各类策略的实际效果与应用前景，本文提出了未来硫化物基固态锂金属电池界面工程研究的重点方向，以期为其相关研究提供更加全面的参考。
3A Comprehensive Review of Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes: Properties, Synthesis, Applications, and ChallengesOpenAlex
Bin Man, Yulong Zeng, Qingrui Liu, et al.
Traditional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) utilize liquid electrolytes, which pose significant safety risks. To address these concerns and enhance energy density, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as a safer and more efficient alternative to conventional liquid electrolyte-based systems. ASSBs offer notable advantages, including higher energy density and improved safety, driving growing interest from both industry and academia. A key component in all-solid-state battery (ASSB) development is the solid-state electrolyte (SSE), which plays a crucial role in determining the overall performance and safety of these batteries. Sulfide SSEs are characterized by distinctive attributes, including notably high ionic conductivity and remarkably low interfacial resistance with lithium metal anodes, which renders them particularly advantageous for advancing ASSB technology. This paper systematically examines sulfide-based SSEs, with particular emphasis on their underlying physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and essential functional attributes relevant to ASSB applications. Additionally, we explore preparation methods for sulfide SSEs and analyze their potential applications in next-generation ASSBs. Considering current challenges (e.g., interfacial instability or air sensitivity) we summarize strategies to address these obstacles, aiming to facilitate their integration into future energy storage systems.
4肉瘤间质内注射~(188)Re一硫化铼混悬液的动物实验研究OpenAlex
闵小锋, 张炯, 于俊峰, et al.
将１８８Ｒｅ一硫化铼混悬液注射到荷瘤小鼠肉瘤中;结果约８０％－９０％的放射性积聚在肿瘤内;向瘤中心先后两次注射２１．２ＭＢｑ１８８Ｒｅ一硫化铼液后;能有效抑制肉瘤生长;并无明显毒副作用;注射１８８ｂｅ一硫化铼组小鼠外周血ＷＢＣ数尽管比其余组小鼠低;但仍在正常范围内;对骨髓无明显影响。 将亲和素（Ａｖ）与牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）通过偶合试剂连接制成联接物;利用活化后ＢＳＡ的改性使联接物一步包被到疏水固相上形成更加易于定量的固相亲和素。实验鉴定证明;这种固相亲和素具有良好的生物活性;初步应用效果良好;可推广应用于生物素－亲和素系统的免疫分析。 研究了在不同稀释剂中石油亚砜(PSO)对铀()的萃取。其萃取能力在不同稀释剂中由强到弱的顺序为:苯、甲苯、环己烷、正庚烷、煤油、四氯化碳、氯仿。求出了萃取反应的各热力学函数变化值。建立了萃取平衡常数与稀释剂物理参数间的经验方程。考察了硝酸浓度、盐析剂浓度、配位阴离子浓度对萃取平衡的影响;并用红外光谱对萃取机理进行了研究。 采用紧密结合分子动力学模型 ;对Na9+Na9碰撞系统在质心系中单原子的轰击能量为Ecm/n =0 .0 0 63eV的对心碰撞进行了研究。从动力学的观点对双团簇分子 (Na9) 2 的形成给予了证明 ;结合所谓“突然冷却”技术 ;鉴别出了所形成的 (Na9) 2 ;并给出了其结构性质。 亚硝酸和NO.2 自由基被证明为致DNA突变因子 ;作为公认的氮原子中心的强氧化性亚硝基自由基NO.2 对DNA的作用引起为数众多的科学家的关注 ;但未观察到其直接作用的结果。利用脉冲辐解技术在碱性条件下观察到NO.2 直接氧化鸟嘌呤阴离子和鸟苷阴离子 ;并测定 pH1 2条件下NO.2 氧化鸟嘌呤阴离子反应的速率常数k =1 .3× 1 0 8dm3 mol-1s-1。但未观测到NO.2 与脱氧鸟苷 - 5 -磷酸及DNA的基他碱基的反应 ;说明NO.2 选择性氧化鸟嘌呤 ;糖基和磷酸根及其组成的链具有保护DNA不被NO.2 。氧化的作用 系统地介绍超灵敏小型回旋加速器质谱计固有的技术特性、特殊的设计准则和新颖的技术路线。 论述量子远程通讯的最新成就很可能意味着自然界存在超光速的信息联系;狭义相对论又面临新的考验;若考虑虚数“ｉ”的作用;狭义相对论可与物质的超光速运动相容;而且不违反因果律;即使自然界存在超光速的物质运动也不可能动摇狭义相对论;建议设计实验测量德布罗意波的相速度并深入研究波粒二象性． 阐述了在离子辐照下生成各种碳纳米结构体研究的发展现状 ;探讨了相应的生长机制和一些相变机理 ;提出了一些有待解决的问题 ;并对其发展方向作了展望 . Winsock是目前Windows平台下的主流网络编程技术。主要介绍利用Winsock编写网络通信程序 ;来实现通过Internet对STM进行多用户远程分权访问与控制 云芝(Couriolus vericolor)在分类上届真菌植物门;担子菌纲;多孔菌目;多孔菌科;革盖菌属;又名彩云革盖菌。它的孢子飞落在木材或朽木上;条件适宜即可生长菌丝;仲向木质深处;在木质表面逐步形成为复瓦状子实体。 用ＨＶＥＭ在１ＭｅＶ和５５０℃下原位研究了Ｓｉ和Ｔｉ对３１６不锈钢辐照肿胀的影响．含１％Ｓｉ的３１６钢在辐照剂量≤１１ｄｐａ时和含０．１％Ｔｉ的一样;能强烈抑制辐照肿胀。但在＞１１ｄｐａ后;含１％Ｓｉ的３１６钢肿胀率远大于未含添加剂的对比钢样品;含０．５％Ｔｉ能完全抑制辐照空洞产生;但诱导了Ｔｉ析出物;１％Ｓｉ和０．１％Ｔｉ的联合作用;也能完全抑制辐照空洞产生;但同样有少量Ｔｉ析出物。 给出了纳米材料Ｆｅ２Ｏ３的Ｘ射线衍射与正电子湮没辐射多普勒展宽的实验结果．发现样品分别经４００℃４ｈ与８００℃４ｈ退火后;原来的γ－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３均转变成α－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３;而且颗粒尺寸分别增加到３８．７ｎｍ与９２．９ｎｍ;样品的线形参数均随退火温度升高而减小;当Ｄ～Ｌ＋时;自由正电子湮没显著增加;压制压力较大的样品的缺陷浓度略有增加。 运用扫描隧道显微镜（ＳＴＭ）观察了光记录有机薄膜的微观结构。从微观结构的形貌可以看出光记录后酞菁薄膜上产生了鼓泡。不同能量的激光脉冲产生具有不同细微结构的鼓泡;光盘的性能与鼓泡的尺寸密切相关。研究结果说明ＳＴＭ是研究光盘微观结构的有力工具。 本文概述强流中子发生器近五年内在材料和电子元器件的辐射损伤研究;一些核素的活化截面测量、新核素合成和中子生物效应等方面的应用;以及与这些工作相适应的实验条件的改进和完善。 本文针对手持扫描器输入的印刷体汉字的几何畸变;提出了能反映汉字内部结构的穿越笔划次数特征方法;在选取了四边稳定笔划特征的基础上;经过汉字识别系统的检验;取得样本识别准确率为93.5%的较好结果。 工业计算机断层扫描成像技术（ＩＣＴ）是一种应用前景十分广泛的高新技术。本文介绍ＩＣＴ数据采集和传输系统;它是我国首台ＩＣＴ商业样机中关键组成部分之一。该系统采集效率高、稳定可靠;由于采用了双缓冲器;故数据传送速率更快。文中给出了系统组成、硬件框图、详细电路和软件框图等。 本项研究系应用中草药和微量元素硒配伍的特制预混料;对蛋鸡进行了３次饲养试验。试验结果表明;蛋鸡在饲喂了这种特制预混料后所产的蛋平均含硒量可稳定地由对照组的每枚４３μｇ;提高到１２０～２７５μｇ;成为一种富硒蛋。这种蛋经实验动物安全试验和人医临床试验;均无毒副反应。受试对象按规定量连续服用３个月后表现在血清硒、发硒的含量和血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ—Ｐｘ）的活性均比服用前明显提高;差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。这些指标的升高表明富硒蛋可以方便、安全地补充人体生理需要量的有机硒．作者认为这种富硒蛋可以提高人体的免疫功能和抗衰老以及预防心血管疾病等作用;将为人们提供一种多功能性的天然绿色保健食品。 (一)概况英国物理学家开尔文在1900年瞻望20世纪物理学时曾说:“在物理学晴朗天空的远处;还有两朵小小的令人不安的乌云”。为驱散这两朵乌云;诞生了相对论和量子论;导致了20世纪人类社会空前的技术进步;极大地改变了人类的生产方式和生活方式;并促使人类整个自然科学的改观。与19世纪相比;本世纪的物理学取得了更加辉煌的成就。它在微观、宇观、复杂系统和现代生物四个基本方向上把人类对 采用脉冲辐解动态吸收光谱研究了·OH自由基诱导N-二异而基磷酰化甲硫氨酸(NDM)水溶液的氧化过程;结果表明·OH主要进攻NDM中硫原子;并形成含硫三电子键NDM_2~+[S];其在480nm处有最大吸收峰;形成和衰变均呈一级反应;推导了反应机理;并与·OH自由基诱导氧化甲硫氨酸水溶液机理进行了比较. 为了研究不同浓度脂多糖（ｌｉｐｏｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅ;ＬＰＳ）、脂磷壁酸（ｌｉｐｏｔｅｉｃｈｏｉｃａｃｉｄ;ＬＴＡ）、肿瘤坏死因子（ｔｕｍｏｕｒｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒ;ＴＮＦ）及前列腺素Ｅ（ｐｒｏｓｔａｇｌａｎｄｉｎＥ;ＰＧＥ）的骨吸收作用和相互作用;采用４５Ｃａ标记的１９天胚胎鼠长骨干器官培养;用样品道比法定量分析。结果表明;上述因子均能在器官培养水平刺激骨吸收;与对照组相比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。低浓度的ＬＰＳ与ＴＮＦ、ＬＰＳ与ＰＧＥ、ＴＮＦ与ＰＧＥ相互作用;超过各因子单独作用之和（期望值）;ＬＰＳ与ＬＴＡ、ＴＮＦ与ＬＴＡ相互作用;等于期望值;而ＬＴＡ与ＰＧＥ相互作用;小于期望值。研究结果提示;多种骨吸收因子的相互作用在牙周病骨吸收发病机理中有重要意义。 本文利用原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）;对高温ＤＮＡ聚合酶Ｉ和普通Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ的ＤＮＡ聚合酶Ｉ的Ｋｌｅｎｏｗ片段在乙醇中变性的对比研究;发现在两种ＤＮＡ聚合酶中都存在结构较紧密的“核”。通过对吸附在云母上的两种酶进行１—１０个小时的处理发现高温聚合酶大多由３块“核”组成;而普通的ＤＮＡ聚合酶由２块“核”组成。这些“核”可能与蛋白的折叠过程中存在的相对稳定的结构区域有关;这对直观了解蛋白折叠过程有一定意义。 研究了双功能联接剂ＣＡＤＴＰＡ与牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）、链霉亲和素（ＳＡ）、ＣＥＡ单抗和ＩｇＧ的偶联反应;建立了１５３Ｓｍ标记蛋白的方法;选择了最佳标记条件;检测了其中一些偶联物的生物活性;测定了１５３Ｓｍ通过双功能联接剂标记蛋白的体外血清稳定性。结果表明：ＤＴＰＡ－ＳＡ的生物素结合活性保存率为５６．５％;ＤＴＰＡ－ＣＥＡ单抗的免疫活性与ＣＥＡ多抗相近。１５３Ｓｍ标记ＣＥＡ单抗的比活度达２．３５ＧＢｑ／ｇ。１５３Ｓｍ标记ＩｇＧ在体外血清中很稳定;４１ｈ内没有产生游离１５３Ｓｍ。 纳生物学是一门物理学和生物学交叉的新学科。本文介绍了这一学科的发展的历史和最新发展动向;并展示了上海原子核所STM课题组在这一研究领域中开展的研究工作。 采用Ｉｏｄｏｇｅｎ为氧化剂;成功地对人血清白蛋白和纤维蛋白原进行了碘化标记。然后用这些标记化合物分析和比较了４种二氧化钛材料对白蛋白和纤维蛋白原的吸附性质。发现样品日能够较多而又稳定地吸附白蛋白;而吸附纤维蛋白原则较少;表明其血液相容性优于其它几种样品。 研究了N-(2-乙基)己基己内酰胺(EHCLA)-三甲苯从硝酸介质中萃取铀、钍。EHCLA对这两种元素的萃取规律类似于TBP。用斜率法求得铀、钍的溶剂化数均为2;硝酸为1。还就温度对于萃取的影响和铀、钍的反萃以及三相的形成进行了研究;计算了萃取平衡常数和铀、钍的△H值。初步探讨了萃取的机理。 合成了一系列N-烷基己内酰胺的铀酰配合物;经元素分析确定配合物的组成为UO_2(NO_3)_2·L_2;通过摩尔电导、紫外光谱、红外光谱、热重分析等测试;研究了配合物的有关性质。 采用密度梯度离心分离技术结合仪器中子活化分析技术;分析测定了人脑(正常和肿瘤)亚细胞组分中11种微量元素的浓度;并对其分布进行了讨论。 过去当人们听到“核技术”一词时;或许会联想到原子弹、氢弹以及放射性。确实;核技术首先是以核武器向世人展示其巨大威力的。但是半个世纪后的今天;这个观念应当改变了。今天的核技术应该是核电站、核医学;以及其他与工农业生产甚至人们日常生活有关的核物理手段了。 本文阐述利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)进行CT图像重建的算法(即FFT算法)的原理及实现该算法的软件设计。为了提高重建图像的精度;又利用FFT填充特性对算法加以改进;还研究了FFT算法过程中的相位修正问题;最后给出了FFT算法对实验数据的重建结果。 气功是研究生命科学的一个重要部分.本文将继前各种“外气”实验报告之后;进一步研究人体对“低频涨落调制的红外辐射”信息的接收和发射;探索用健康人的信息治疗人类疾患的“信息疗法”的机制;并拟探求其他生命信息与生物体之间的关系.为此;提出“生命信息科学”这一概念;与大家商讨. 人的头发是一种排泄金属废物的器官;它取样方便;对人体没有损伤;容易保存和传递;元素浓度高;便于分析。七十年代以来被看成为一种理想的“活体检查材料”和环境污染指示器;国际原子能机构还在1976年提出了利用核技术对世界各国居民头发中微量元素含量进行普查的建议;以期建立头发中微量元素含量的基线水平;作为环境调查的参考资料;现在国际原子能机构的赖阿伯欣(Y.S.Ryabukhin)正在从20多个国家的实 本文介绍一种简单、高灵敏度的空气中总氚量的监测方法。空气先通过一个乙二醇鼓泡吸收器以除去HTO;再通过加热的催化剂;使HT气体氧化为HTO;然后被第二个乙二醇鼓泡吸收器捕集。捕集的氚用液闪法测量。研究了取样流速、相对湿度、采样时间(吸收体积)以及氚的浓度对吸收效率和回收率的影响;并测定了在催化氧化剂上HT的转化效率。本法可用于氚实验室监测;含氚试验设备的氚泄漏率测量及环境监测等。 中性磷型萃取剂甲基膦酸二-(1-)甲庚酯(简称DMHMP)在硝酸溶液中萃取硝酸锆生成三种形式萃合物:Zr(NO_3)_4·2DMHMP;Zr(NO_3)_4·2DMHMP·2HNO_3和Zr(NO_3)_4·2DMHMP·3HNO_3。用对数函数外推和优选计算相结合的方法;求得萃取反应平衡常数:K_(020)=1.09×10~3;K_(022)=6.25×10~3;K_(023)=1.50×10~4;求得Zr(NO_3)_i~(4-i)的各级积累稳定常数β_1=2.13;β_2=2.62;β_3=3.39;β_4=6.18。 本工作采用~(60)Coγ射线预辐照方法;研究聚丙烯毡在丙烯酸水溶液中的接枝共聚反应动力学。探讨了预辐照剂量;辐照气氛;接枝反应温度以及单体浓度对接枝共聚反应的影响。实验结果表明接枝反应速率与预辐照剂量的关系为0.445次方。由此得知反应是按自由基机理进行的。此外;计算了本体系的表观活化能为25.52kcal/mol。由本试验获得的接枝共聚物;其亲水性、透气性、及染色性均有明显地改善。但预辐照剂量超过1×10~6rad机械强度有所下降。 本文提出一种由已知的两组元活度比函数l计算三元系中各组元活度的新方法;它只需要一组图解积分和一组图解微分的手续.为了进一步提高计算精度;还提出了应用精选的二元系热力学数据检验积分和微分运算结果可靠性的判别式.这种方法也可用于多元系. 冠心病对人健康危害极大。近年来有不少作者从微量元素的角度来探讨该病的病因和发病机制;鉴于人发有微量元素含量高;取样方样;易于保存与传送特点;我们以此作为理想的活体检查材料来探索冠心病与人发中元素含量的关系。本文应用放射性同位素源激发的X荧光分析技术测定了上海地区159例冠心病患者发样中的Ca及Sr.Pb.Zn.Cu.Ni.Fe和Mn等七种微量元素的含量;与正常对照组所作的单因子统计检验(t检验)结果表明:冠心病组发中铜、铁和铅增高而钙和锶下降;差异显著;多元逐步回归分析证实:发铜的升高和发钙的下降尤为突出;差异极为明显;对发中元素含量作图象识别处理;其判别正确率为74.6％;将159例冠心病患者经中医辨证;以血淤、气虚或肾虚为主者;测定其发中元素含量并作统计分析;结果均无明显差异;再者;在冠心病患者中以心绞痛或心肌梗塞表现为主;或兼有高血压患者;其发中元素含量也无明显差异。 利用X射线荧光和微机技术研制成涂层测厚仪。本文叙述了仪器的构造原理。它能够快速、非破坏和精确测量金属或非金属零件上的多种涂层厚度。如对磁盘磁层的测量范围M=50—500μg/cm~2;测量精确度好于±4％(M≥100μg/cm~2)。 本文使用质子激发X射线荧光分析法(PIXE)测定正常人发、肝和肾组织中的微量元素。详细介绍了样品的采集制备、实验测定和定量方法;并且使用标准参考物质小牛肝(NBS)、马肾(IAEA)和比对粉末发样检查校正测量系统的准确性。报道了三种器官组织中近二十种微量元素的含量;初步探讨了人体自身器官组织中微量元素含量分布之间的相互关系。 本文从理论和实验两个方面探讨了同位素溅射角分布问题。从实验上得到的同位素溅射角分布曲线表明;在垂直靶面方向轻同位素择尤溅射;而在倾斜方向;则重同位素择尤溅射。在理论上考虑了原子级联碰撞过程中的能量和动量传输的不对称性;给出了一个与实验结果相符的同位素溅射角分布表达式。 本文叙述了内压管式超滤膜在α—淀粉酶浓缩工艺中的应用。测定了运行中压力、流速及温度对通量的关系;并将两种不同孔径的膜对酶液的截留率、通量和得率进行了比较。结果表明:采用YM—300型超滤膜浓缩α—淀粉酶;其截留率达99％;通量为25L/m~2·h;得率约为90％;浓缩倍数可达10倍以上。 本文简明地介绍了80年代物理学中一项重大发明——可直接观察原子的扫描探针显微镜(SPMs)的原理和应用.以一系列有代表性的原子、分子图像形象地概述了该领域的最新进展.最后评论了基于SPMs用原子直接制造产品的可能性. 介绍了采用PC/104的EPICS设备控制器的设计;详细分析了其软硬件结构;并给出了原理性测试结果。该控制器兼具输入输出控制器和设备控制器的功能;在简化EPICS应用体系结构方面做出了成功的尝试。 高频系统幅度控制环路开环时;束流将会在腔上引入与正常工作腔压可比的场;流强升高时束流要从腔上得到更多功率;此时腔自身消耗的功率保持不变;这就要求高频幅度控制发挥作用;满足束流和腔功率的要求。作为高频系统监控程序的一个组成部分;本文采用了多线程串口通信的方法实现了对SSRF高频系统激励电平的控制。 活动水冷光屏是光束线前端的重要部件;主要用来吸收高强度的同步辐射功率、承受和释放热负载;保护其下游位置仪器设备免遭热载破坏。介绍中国科学技术大学国家同步辐射实验室(NSRL)的合肥同步辐射光源(HLS)光束线前端活动水冷光屏的结构;利用有限元分析程序ANSYS5.5进行热力学分析;确认其合理性。 上海同步辐射装置(SSRF)磁铁数据库系统的开发过程包括数据库的设计、数据库的实现和功能。SSRF磁铁数据库由一系列的用于存储磁铁物理设计参数、磁场测量数据、准直测量数据和电源数据等的数据表组成。它对于确保磁铁质量、分析磁场误差和准直偏差对装置性能的影响、帮助磁铁的安装准直以及装置的调试和运行等具有十分重要的作用。 介绍了800kV高压传输装置的组成和结构安排;对在SF_6绝缘气体环境中的电缆终端进行了电场数值计算;并对计算结果进行了分析;最后得出结论;电缆终端的场强设计是可靠的。 对不同种类的磁芯材料性能进行实验研究;结果表明高B_r/B_s超微晶的磁芯较适合作零磁通检测器的探头材料;这种材料检测灵敏度高;对调制频率及调制幅度变化的影响小;常温下几乎不受温度变化的影响;且在市场上容易得到。另外;高μ铁氧体也可能适合作零磁通检测器的探头材料。 低温时;合金溅射的轰击诱发吉布斯偏析(bombardment-inducedGibbsiansegregation)现象;是在1982年首次发现的.我们建立了包括质量效应、键合效应和轰击诱发吉布斯偏析效应的MonteCarlo(MC)模拟程序;并对轰击诱发吉布斯偏析效应的两大特征(第一是表面成分梯度特征;第二是表面成分梯度的中间性特征)作了研究.通过精确的定量计算得到了被轰击合金表面的成分梯度、溅射角分布和溅射产额具有中间性特征;并对其形成的原因作了理论的解释. 研究了在不同稀释剂中N-癸酰吗啡林(DMPHL)与磷酸三丁酯(TBP)协同萃取铀( )的性能.在不同稀释剂中考察了硝酸浓度、萃取剂浓度、盐析剂效应及温度对萃取平衡的影响.此协萃体系对铀( )的萃取性能在不同稀释剂中由弱到强的顺序为:氯仿、四氯化碳、环己烷、煤油、苯;并且求出了萃取反应的各个热力学函数变化值. 整个高频系统包括谐振加速腔、高频功率源和 180kW发射机、低电平控制与连锁保护 .高频工作频率为 4 99.6 5MHz .SSRF 5 0 0MHz低电平控制系统由信号源、反馈控制回路 (频率调谐环路、相位控制环路、幅度控制环路 )和连锁保护等构成 .加速器高频腔控制系统的稳定性是加速器设计中一项重要指标 ;特别是在高流强条件下 ;更是对高频的稳定性提出了较高的要求 .如何在加速器中合理地利用先进技术 ;是整机工作在稳定可靠而又易于控制的状态是低电平系统分析与设计的任务 .由于高频系统庞大 ;低电平控制的对象复杂 ;作为加速器高频系统中的控制 ;无论其基础理论还是电子线路 ;在其各自的领域中都属于比较成熟的东西 ;但将他们结合起来 ;组成一个系统并要求系统性能最优 ;也有一些特殊的难度和要求 .例如强束流与加速腔之间的耦合 ;用腔到束流的传递函数来描述 ;都是其他系统控制领域中所没有的问题 ;又要考虑几百千瓦的微波功率器件 ;它们之间还存在着复杂的耦合 ;这都增加了系统设计的难度 .同时各种回路组成系统时 ;随机产生的干扰信号也是必须考虑的因素 .SSRF系统对低电平控制的要求 :1)使各腔间电压相位一致 ;2 )使总加速电压和幅度稳定 ;3)使腔的频率正确调谐 ;4 )发生异常状态时 ;保证设备的安全连锁 . 平面型光核酸酶激发态通过电子转移光氧化定域损伤DNA的研究已成为当前的一个热门课题。但是由于直接检测DNA阳离子自由基遇到困难;所以未能获得光氧化的主要瞬态产物;阴、阳离子对的瞬态吸收光谱。中国科学院辐射化学开放实验室在1997年成功地获取了丙酮三重态电子转移光氧化DNA和首次确证DNA阳离子自由基的基础上;现用激光光解研究了2-磺酸钠蒽醌三重态对DNA四种核苷酸电子转移光氧化生成的阴、阳离子对。在与光氧化核苷酸生成的阴、阳离子对对比后;准确地鉴别了DNA阳离子自由基与2-磺酸钠蒽醌阴离子自由基的瞬态吸收光谱。进而分别研究了它们的生成与衰减动力学。
5In-situ visualization of the space-charge-layer effect on interfacial lithium-ion transport in all-solid-state batteriesOpenAlex
Longlong Wang, Ruicong Xie, Bingbing Chen, et al.
Abstract The space charge layer (SCL) is generally considered one of the origins of the sluggish interfacial lithium-ion transport in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). However, in-situ visualization of the SCL effect on the interfacial lithium-ion transport in sulfide-based ASSLIBs is still a great challenge. Here, we directly observe the electrode/electrolyte interface lithium-ion accumulation resulting from the SCL by investigating the net-charge-density distribution across the high-voltage LiCoO 2 /argyrodite Li 6 PS 5 Cl interface using the in-situ differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) technique. Moreover, we further demonstrate a built-in electric field and chemical potential coupling strategy to reduce the SCL formation and boost lithium-ion transport across the electrode/electrolyte interface by the in-situ DPC-STEM technique and finite element method simulations. Our findings will strikingly advance the fundamental scientific understanding of the SCL mechanism in ASSLIBs and shed light on rational electrode/electrolyte interface design for high-rate performance ASSLIBs.
6Developing High-Energy, Stable All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries Using Aluminum-Based Anodes and High-Nickel CathodesOpenAlex
Xin Wu, Meiyu Wang, Hui Pan, et al.
Abstract Aluminum (Al) exhibits excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical ductility, and good chemical compatibility with high-ionic-conductivity electrolytes. This makes it more suitable as an anode material for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) compared to the overly reactive metallic lithium anode and the mechanically weak silicon anode. This study finds that the pre-lithiated Al anode demonstrates outstanding interfacial stability with the Li 6 PS 5 Cl (LPSCl) electrolyte, maintaining stable cycling for over 1200 h under conditions of deep charge–discharge. This paper combines the pre-lithiated Al anode with a high-nickel cathode, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 , paired with the highly ionic conductive LPSCl electrolyte, to design an ASSLB with high energy density and stability. Using anode pre-lithiation techniques, along with dual-reinforcement technology between the electrolyte and the cathode active material, the ASSLB achieves stable cycling for 1000 cycles at a 0.2C rate, with a capacity retention rate of up to 82.2%. At a critical negative-to-positive ratio of 1.1, the battery’s specific energy reaches up to 375 Wh kg −1 , and it maintains over 85.9% of its capacity after 100 charge–discharge cycles. This work provides a new approach and an excellent solution for developing low-cost, high-stability all-solid-state batteries.
7Advanced manufacturing of thin-film lithium metal anode by pulsed-laser deposition for next-generation solid-state batteriesOpenAlex
Nico Zamperlin, Rosalía Cid, Ville Kekkonen, et al.
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) offer improved safety, energy density, and cycling stability compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. Sulfide-based electrolytes stand out for their high ionic conductivity and ease of processing, though interfacial instability and lithium dendrite formation remain major challenges. This study explores Pulsed-Laser Deposition (PLD) as a precise and versatile technique to fabricate thin lithium metal anodes and conformal protective coatings. A 10 μm lithium layer and a 1 μm lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) layer are sequentially deposited on copper foil using PLD. The LLZO coating enhances interfacial stability with sulfide electrolytes, improving cycling performance. Unlike conventional fabrication methods, PLD enables controlled deposition of thin lithium metal anodes, contributing to higher energy density in ASSBs. Structural, microstructural and electrochemical characterizations confirm the high quality of both layers. Symmetric cell testing reveals that lithium anodes, both bare and LLZO-coated, cycle stably with low polarization. The LLZO interlayer reduces interfacial resistance and mitigates lithium dendrite growth, extending the cycle life. These results highlight PLD as a scalable and effective approach for engineering lithium metal anodes with tailored protective coatings, improving interfacial compatibility with sulfide-bases solid electrolytes and advancing the development of next-generation ASSBs. • PLD enables precise lithium metal anode fabrication for solid-state batteries. • Sequential deposition of lithium metal and LLZO layers achieved via PLD. • LLZO coating enhances interfacial stability and extends cycling life. • PLD-Li anode integrated with NMC cathode shows promising cycling performance.
8The Next Frontier in Energy Storage: A Game-Changing Guide to Advances in Solid-State Battery CathodesOpenAlex
Abniel Machín, Francisco Márquez
As global energy priorities shift toward sustainable alternatives, the need for innovative energy storage solutions becomes increasingly crucial. In this landscape, solid-state batteries (SSBs) emerge as a leading contender, offering a significant upgrade over conventional lithium-ion batteries in terms of energy density, safety, and lifespan. This review provides a thorough exploration of SSBs, with a focus on both traditional and emerging cathode materials like lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), as well as novel sulfides and oxides. The compatibility of these materials with solid electrolytes and their respective benefits and limitations are extensively discussed. The review delves into the structural optimization of cathode materials, covering strategies such as nanostructuring, surface coatings, and composite formulations. These are critical in addressing issues like conductivity limitations and structural vulnerabilities. We also scrutinize the essential roles of electrical and thermal properties in maintaining battery safety and performance. To conclude, our analysis highlights the revolutionary role of SSBs in the future of energy storage. While substantial advancements have been made, the path forward presents numerous challenges and research opportunities. This review not only acknowledges these challenges, but also points out the need for scalable manufacturing approaches and a deeper understanding of electrode–electrolyte interactions. It aims to steer the scientific community toward addressing these challenges and advancing the field of SSBs, thereby contributing significantly to the development of environmentally friendly energy solutions.
9Mo‐O Dual‐Doped Argyrodite Electrolyte Enables Stable All‐Solid‐State Lithium BatteriesOpenAlex
Panlei Cao, Jinghui Chen, Jiejie Li, et al.
Abstract Sulfide solid electrolytes are one of the most promising solid electrolytes for all‐solid‐state lithium batteries due to their relatively high ionic conductivity and favorable mechanical properties. Nevertheless, their inferior moisture stability and lithium metal compatibility hinder the practical applications. Herein, a Mo‐O dual‐doped argyrodite Li 6 P 1‐ x Mo x S 5‐3 x O 3 x Cl 1+ x sulfide electrolytes are synthesized to enhance both moisture stability and electrochemical characteristics. By adjusting the concentrations of dopant and annealing temperature, the optimized Li 6 P 0.95 Mo 0.05 S 4.85 O 0.15 Cl 1.05 sintered at 570 °C exhibits enhanced room‐temperature powder cold‐pressed ionic conductivity of 3.97 mS cm −1 . Moreover, Li 6 P 0.95 Mo 0.05 S 4.85 O 0.15 Cl 1.05 solid electrolyte produces only one‐third of H 2 S gas with 0.58 cm −3 g −1 compared to pristine Li 6 PS 5 Cl electrolyte and exhibits excellent structure stability after exposure to air. Benefitting from the generation of a stable Li 3 OCl at the anode interface, Li 6 P 0.95 Mo 0.05 S 4.85 O 0.15 Cl 1.05 solid electrolyte exhibits superior interfacial compatibility and suppression capability of lithium dendrites, realizing a high critical current density of 1.51 mA cm −2 and maintains stable lithium plating/stripping behavior for 5600 h at 0.1 mA cm −2 and 0.1 mAh cm −2 . In addition, the LiCoO 2 /Li 6 P 0.95 Mo 0.05 S 4.85 O 0.15 Cl 1.05 /Li battery presents improved cycling stability at 1C with a capacity retention of 90.3% after 1000 cycles.
10Growth of lithium-indium dendrites in all-solid-state lithium-based batteries with sulfide electrolytesOpenAlex
Shuting Luo, Zhenyu Wang, Xuelei Li, et al.
Abstract All-solid-state lithium-based batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes are considered a viable option for electrochemical energy storage applications. However, the application of lithium metal is hindered by issues associated with the growth of mossy and dendritic Li morphologies upon prolonged cell cycling and undesired reactions at the electrode/solid electrolyte interface. In this context, alloy materials such as lithium-indium (Li-In) alloys are widely used at the laboratory scale because of their (electro)chemical stability, although no in-depth investigations on their morphological stability have been reported yet. In this work, we report the growth of Li-In dendritic structures when the alloy material is used in combination with a Li 6 PS 5 Cl solid electrolyte and Li(Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 )O 2 positive electrode active material and cycled at high currents (e.g., 3.8 mA cm −2 ) and high cathode loading (e.g., 4 mAh cm −2 ). Via ex situ measurements and simulations, we demonstrate that the irregular growth of Li-In dendrites leads to cell short circuits after room-temperature long-term cycling. Furthermore, the difference between Li and Li-In dendrites is investigated and discussed to demonstrate the distinct type of dendrite morphology.
11Recent Advances in Dendrite Suppression Strategies for Solid-State Lithium Batteries: From Interface Engineering to Material InnovationsOpenAlex
Abniel Machín, Francisco Díaz, María Cotto, et al.
Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion systems due to their superior safety profile, higher energy density, and potential compatibility with lithium metal anodes. However, a major challenge hindering their widespread deployment is the formation and growth of lithium dendrites, which compromise both performance and safety. This review provides a comprehensive and structured overview of recent advances in dendrite suppression strategies, with special emphasis on the role played by the nature of the solid electrolyte. In particular, we examine suppression mechanisms and material innovations within the three main classes of solid electrolytes: sulfide-based, oxide-based, and polymer-based systems. Each electrolyte class presents distinct advantages and challenges in relation to dendrite behavior. Sulfide electrolytes, known for their high ionic conductivity and good interfacial wettability, suffer from poor mechanical strength and chemical instability. Oxide electrolytes exhibit excellent electrochemical stability and mechanical rigidity but often face high interfacial resistance. Polymer electrolytes, while mechanically flexible and easy to process, generally have lower ionic conductivity and limited thermal stability. This review discusses how these intrinsic properties influence dendrite nucleation and propagation, including the role of interfacial stress, grain boundaries, void formation, and electrochemical heterogeneity. To mitigate dendrite formation, we explore a variety of strategies including interfacial engineering (e.g., the use of artificial interlayers, surface coatings, and chemical additives), mechanical reinforcement (e.g., incorporation of nanostructured or gradient architectures, pressure modulation, and self-healing materials), and modifications of the solid electrolyte and electrode structure. Additionally, we highlight the critical role of advanced characterization techniques—such as in situ electron microscopy, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)—for elucidating dendrite formation mechanisms and evaluating the effectiveness of suppression strategies in real time. By integrating recent experimental and theoretical insights across multiple disciplines, this review identifies key limitations in current approaches and outlines emerging research directions. These include the design of multifunctional interphases, hybrid electrolytes, and real-time diagnostic tools aimed at enabling the development of reliable, scalable, and dendrite-free SSLBs suitable for practical applications in next-generation energy storage.
12Understanding Interfaces at the Positive and Negative Electrodes on Sulfide-Based Solid-State BatteriesOpenAlex
Ander Orue, Manar Cheddadi, Artur Tron, et al.
Despite the high ionic conductivity and attractive mechanical properties of sulfide-based solid-state batteries, this chemistry still faces key challenges to encompass fast rate and long cycling performance, mainly arising from dynamic and complex solid–solid interfaces. This work provides a comprehensive assessment of the cell performance-determining factors ascribed to the multiple sources of impedance from the individual processes taking place at the composite cathode with high-voltage LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2, the sulfide argyrodite Li6PS5Cl separator, and the Li metal anode. From a multiconfigurational approach and an advanced deconvolution of electrochemical impedance signals into distribution of relaxation times, we disentangle intricate underlying interfacial processes taking place at the battery components that play a major role on the overall performance. For the Li metal solid-state batteries, the cycling performance is highly sensitive to the chemomechanical properties of the cathode active material, formation of the SEI, and processes ascribed to Li diffusion in the cathode composite and in the space-charge layer. The outcomes of this work aim to facilitate the design of sulfide solid-state batteries and provide methodological inputs for battery aging assessment.
13Realizing long-cycling all-solid-state Li-In||TiS2 batteries using Li6+xMxAs1-xS5I (M=Si, Sn) sulfide solid electrolytesOpenAlex
Pushun Lu, Yu Xia, Guochen Sun, et al.
Abstract Inorganic sulfide solid-state electrolytes, especially Li 6 PS 5 X (X = Cl, Br, I), are considered viable materials for developing all-solid-state batteries because of their high ionic conductivity and low cost. However, this class of solid-state electrolytes suffers from structural and chemical instability in humid air environments and a lack of compatibility with layered oxide positive electrode active materials. To circumvent these issues, here, we propose Li 6+x M x As 1-x S 5 I (M=Si, Sn) as sulfide solid electrolytes. When the Li 6+x Si x As 1-x S 5 I (x = 0.8) is tested in combination with a Li-In negative electrode and Ti 2 S-based positive electrode at 30 °C and 30 MPa, the Li-ion lab-scale Swagelok cells demonstrate long cycle life of almost 62500 cycles at 2.44 mA cm −2 , decent power performance (up to 24.45 mA cm −2 ) and areal capacity of 9.26 mAh cm −2 at 0.53 mA cm −2 .
14Promoting favorable interfacial properties in lithium-based batteries using chlorine-rich sulfide inorganic solid-state electrolytesOpenAlex
Dewu Zeng, Jingming Yao, Long Zhang, et al.
Abstract The use of inorganic solid-state electrolytes is considered a viable strategy for developing high-energy Li-based metal batteries. However, suppression of parasitic interfacial reactions and growth of unfavorable Li metal depositions upon cycling are challenging aspects and not yet fully addressed. Here, to better understand these phenomena, we investigate various sulfide inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs), i.e., Li 7− x PS 6− x Cl x ( x = 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 1.45, and 1.6), via ex situ and in situ physicochemical and electrochemical measurements. We found that the Cl distribution and the cooling process applied during the SE synthesis strongly influence the evolution of the Li|SE interface in terms of microstructure, interphase composition, and morphology. Indeed, for a SE with a moderate chlorine content (i.e., x = 1.3) and obtained via a slow cooling process after sintering, the Cl atoms are located on the surface of the SE grains as interconnected LiCl nanoparticles that form an extended LiCl-based framework. This peculiar microstructure facilitates the migration of the Cl ions to the Li|SE interface during electrochemical cycling, thus, favouring the formation of a LiCl-rich interphase layer capable of improving the battery cycling performances.
15Revealing the Neglected Role of Passivation Layers of Current Collectors for Solid‐State Anode‐Free BatteriesOpenAlex
Yijia Wang, Bibin K. Jose, Yi Yuan, et al.
Abstract Anode‐free sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs), which eliminate the need for a lithium metal anode during fabrication, offer superior energy density, enhanced safety, and simplified manufacturing. Their performance is largely influenced by the interfacial properties of the current collectors. Although previous studies have investigated the degradation of sulfide electrolytes on commonly used copper (Cu) and stainless steel (SS) current collectors, the impact of spontaneously formed surface oxides, such as copper oxide (Cu 2 O/CuO) and chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), on interfacial stability remains underexplored. This study systematically evaluates the neglected role of passivation layers of both Cu and SS. Results demonstrate that Cu facilitates more stable lithium deposition. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that interfacial resistance on SS is consistently higher than on Cu during cycling. In‐situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and computational modelling confirm the formation of phosphate (PO 4 3− ) and sulfate (SO 4 2− ) species at both interfaces, attributed to reactions between the sulfide electrolyte and surface oxides. On SS, partial reversible formation of transition metal chlorides is also detected. Based on these findings, an artificial interface is engineered on Cu, significantly improving lithium plating/stripping efficiency. These insights contribute to solid‐solid interface engineering strategies and advance the fundamental understanding of anode‐free ASSLMBs.
16Building Better Batteries in the Solid State: A ReviewOpenAlex
A. Mauger, C. Julien, Andrea Paolella, et al.
Most of the current commercialized lithium batteries employ liquid electrolytes, despite their vulnerability to battery fire hazards, because they avoid the formation of dendrites on the anode side, which is commonly encountered in solid-state batteries. In a review two years ago, we focused on the challenges and issues facing lithium metal for solid-state rechargeable batteries, pointed to the progress made in addressing this drawback, and concluded that a situation could be envisioned where solid-state batteries would again win over liquid batteries for different applications in the near future. However, an additional drawback of solid-state batteries is the lower ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Therefore, extensive research efforts have been invested in the last few years to overcome this problem, the reward of which has been significant progress. It is the purpose of this review to report these recent works and the state of the art on solid electrolytes. In addition to solid electrolytes stricto sensu, there are other electrolytes that are mainly solids, but with some added liquid. In some cases, the amount of liquid added is only on the microliter scale; the addition of liquid is aimed at only improving the contact between a solid-state electrolyte and an electrode, for instance. In some other cases, the amount of liquid is larger, as in the case of gel polymers. It is also an acceptable solution if the amount of liquid is small enough to maintain the safety of the cell; such cases are also considered in this review. Different chemistries are examined, including not only Li-air, Li–O2, and Li–S, but also sodium-ion batteries, which are also subject to intensive research. The challenges toward commercialization are also considered.
17Li–Solid Electrolyte Interfaces/Interphases in All-Solid-State Li BatteriesOpenAlex
Linan Jia, Jinhui Zhu, Xi Zhang, et al.
Abstract The emergence of all-solid-state Li batteries (ASSLBs) represents a promising avenue to address critical concerns like safety and energy density limitations inherent in current Li-ion batteries. Solid electrolytes (SEs) show significant potential in curtailing Li dendrite intrusion, acting as natural barriers against short circuits. However, the substantial challenges at the SEs−electrode interface, particularly concerning the anode, pose significant impediments to the practical implementation of ASSLBs. This review aims to delineate the most viable strategies for overcoming anode interfacial hurdles across four distinct categories of SEs: sulfide SEs, oxide SEs, polymer SEs, and halide SEs. Initially, pivotal issues such as anode interfacial side reactions, inadequate physical contact, and Li dendrite formation are comprehensively outlined. Furthermore, effective methodologies aimed at enhancing anode interfacial stability are expounded, encompassing approaches like solid electrolyte interface (SEI) interlayer insertion, SE optimization, and the adoption of Li alloy in lieu of Li metal, each tailored to specific SE categories. Moreover, this review presents novel insights into fostering interfaces between diverse SE types and Li anodes, while also advocating perspectives and recommendations for the future advancement of ASSLBs. Graphical Abstract
18Boosting the Interfacial Stability of the Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl Electrolyte with a Li Anode via In Situ Formation of a LiF-Rich SEI Layer and a Ductile Sulfide Composite Solid ElectrolyteOpenAlex
Gashahun Gobena Serbessa, Bereket Woldegbreal Taklu, Yosef Nikodimos, et al.
Due to its good mechanical properties and high ionic conductivity, the sulfide-type solid electrolyte (SE) can potentially realize all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Nevertheless, challenges, including limited electrochemical stability, insufficient solid–solid contact with the electrode, and reactivity with lithium, must be addressed. These challenges contribute to dendrite growth and electrolyte reduction. Herein, a straightforward and solvent-free method was devised to generate a robust artificial interphase between lithium metal and a SE. It is achieved through the incorporation of a composite electrolyte composed of Li6PS5Cl (LPSC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), resulting in the in situ creation of a LiF-rich interfacial layer. This interphase effectively mitigates electrolyte reduction and promotes lithium-ion diffusion. Interestingly, including PEG as an additive increases mechanical strength by enhancing adhesion between sulfide particles and improves the physical contact between the LPSC SE and the lithium anode by enhancing the ductility of the LPSC SE. Moreover, it acts as a protective barrier, preventing direct contact between the SE and the Li anode, thereby inhibiting electrolyte decomposition and reducing the electronic conductivity of the composite SE, thus mitigating the dendrite growth. The Li|Li symmetric cells demonstrated remarkable cycling stability, maintaining consistent performance for over 3000 h at a current density of 0.1 mA cm–2, and the critical current density of the composite solid electrolyte (CSE) reaches 4.75 mA cm–2. Moreover, the all-solid-state lithium metal battery (ASSLMB) cell with the CSEs exhibits remarkable cycling stability and rate performance. This study highlights the synergistic combination of the in-situ-generated artificial SE interphase layer and CSEs, enabling high-performance ASSLMBs.
19Advancements and Challenges in Solid-State Battery Technology: An In-Depth Review of Solid Electrolytes and Anode InnovationsOpenAlex
Abniel Machín, Carmen Morant, Francisco Márquez
The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in solid-state batteries (SSBs), with a focus on recent advancements in solid electrolytes and anodes. The paper begins with a background on the evolution from liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries to advanced SSBs, highlighting their enhanced safety and energy density. It addresses the increasing demand for efficient, safe energy storage in applications like electric vehicles and portable electronics. A major part of the paper analyzes solid electrolytes, key to SSB technology. It classifies solid electrolytes as polymer-based, oxide-based, and sulfide-based, discussing their distinct properties and application suitability. The review also covers advancements in anode materials for SSBs, exploring materials like lithium metal, silicon, and intermetallic compounds, focusing on their capacity, durability, and compatibility with solid electrolytes. It addresses challenges in integrating these anode materials, like the interface stability and lithium dendrite growth. This review includes a discussion on the latest analytical techniques, experimental studies, and computational models to understand and improve the anode–solid electrolyte interface. These are crucial for tackling interfacial resistance and ensuring SSBs’ long-term stability and efficiency. Concluding, the paper suggests future research and development directions, highlighting SSBs’ potential in revolutionizing energy storage technologies. This review serves as a vital resource for academics, researchers, and industry professionals in advanced battery technology development. It offers a detailed overview of materials and technologies shaping SSBs’ future, providing insights into current challenges and potential solutions in this rapidly evolving field.
20Air/Water Stability Problems and Solutions for Lithium BatteriesOpenAlex
Yang Ming, Liquan Chen, Hong Li, et al.
Recently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have faced bottlenecks in terms of energy/power density and safety issues caused by flammable electrolytes. In this regard, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) may be one of the most promising solutions. However, many key battery materials (such as solid electrolytes (SEs), cathodes, and anodes) are unstable to air/water, which greatly limits their production, storage, transportation, practical applications, and the development of ASSBs. Herein, the research status on air/water stability of SEs, cathodes, and anodes is reviewed. The mechanisms for their air/water instability are revealed in details. The corresponding modification methods are also proposed, with emphasis on the construction strategies of air/water stable protective layers, including ex situ coatings and in situ reactions. Moreover, the application of air/water-stable protective layers in ASSBs is discussed correspondingly. Last but not least, the advantages and disadvantages of various protective layer construction strategies are analyzed, in which their applications in practical production are prospected.