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  3. TAVR在中低风险主动脉瓣狭窄患者中的多维度价值评估

TAVR在中低风险主动脉瓣狭窄患者中的多维度价值评估

文献检索匿名用户发表于 2026年05月20日 23:555阅读
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经导管主动脉瓣置换TAVI/TAVR在中低风险主动脉瓣狭窄患者中的价值证据如何?请整理临床获益、真实世界证据、成本效果、生活质量、指南推荐和准入/HTA沟通边界。要求有引用。

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) has significantly transformed the management of severe aortic stenosis (AS), particularly for patients at low to intermediate surgical risk. The growing body of evidence, derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), real-world data, and cost-effectiveness analyses, has refined its clinical indications and informed guideline recommendations. This comprehensive overview examines the value of TAVR in low-to-intermediate risk AS patients across various domains, including clinical benefits, real-world evidence, cost-effectiveness, quality of life, guideline recommendations, and market access/Health Technology Assessment (HTA) considerations.

临床获益 (Clinical Benefits)

低风险患者 (Low-Risk Patients)

针对低风险患者,TAVR与外科主动脉瓣置换术(SAVR)的比较已有多项重要研究。

早期研究(如PARTNER 3试验的1年分析)显示,在患有严重、有症状主动脉瓣狭窄且外科手术风险较低的患者中,TAVR组在死亡、卒中或再住院的复合终点事件发生率方面显著低于SAVR组(8.5% vs. 15.1%;绝对差异 -6.6个百分点;P < 0.001),TAVR组的卒中发生率、死亡或卒中发生率以及新发心房颤动发生率均低于SAVR组,且住院时间更短 。

然而,更长期的随访数据呈现出更为复杂的局面:

  • PARTNER 3 试验(5年和7年结果):

    • 5年结果:TAVR组和SAVR组在死亡、卒中或再住院的复合终点事件发生率方面没有显著差异。TAVR组的死亡率为10.0%,SAVR组为8.2%;卒中发生率分别为5.8%和6.4%;再住院率分别为13.7%和17.4% 。瓣膜血流动力学性能相似,TAVR组平均瓣膜梯度为12.8±6.5 mm Hg,SAVR组为11.7±5.6 mm Hg。生物瓣膜衰竭的发生率也相似(TAVR组3.3%,SAVR组3.8%) 。
    • 7年结果:TAVR组和SAVR组在死亡、卒中或再住院的两个主要复合终点事件上仍无显著差异。TAVR组的死亡率为19.5%,SAVR组为16.8%;卒中发生率分别为8.5%和8.1%;再住院率分别为20.6%和23.5% 。瓣膜血流动力学数据在7年时依然稳定,TAVR组平均主动脉瓣梯度为13.1±8.5 mm Hg,SAVR组为12.1±6.3 mm Hg。生物瓣膜衰竭的百分比在两组中也相似(TAVR组6.9%,SAVR组7.5%) 。患者报告的结果也相似 。
  • Evolut Low Risk 试验(5年和6年结果):

    • 5年结果:TAVR和SAVR在全因死亡率或致残性卒中的复合终点事件方面具有可比性,TAVR组为15.5%,SAVR组为16.4%(P = 0.47)。全因死亡率分别为13.5%和14.9%(P = 0.39),致残性卒中分别为3.6%和4.0%(P = 0.57)。瓣膜再干预率在两组间无显著差异(TAVR组3.3%,SAVR组2.5%,P = 0.44)。瓣膜的耐用性和性能在两组中均表现出色 。
    • 6年结果:在全因死亡率或致残性卒中的复合终点事件上,TAVR与SAVR之间无显著差异(TAVR组23.3%,SAVR组20.4%;P = 0.43)。然而,在6年和7年时,TAVR组的再干预率高于SAVR组。在7年随访中,TAVR组的再干预率为9.8%,而SAVR组为6.0%(sHR: 1.68;95% CI: 1.10-2.58;P = 0.02),这主要是由主动脉瓣反流增加所驱动(TAVR组反流再干预率为5.6% vs SAVR组1.6%,P < 0.001) 。
  • 荟萃分析:一项针对低风险AS患者的最新荟萃分析(纳入7项RCTs,共5,740名患者)显示,在5年时,TAVR与较低的全因死亡率相关(HR 0.83;95% CI 0.70-1.00)。地标分析显示TAVR在第一年有显著的生存优势(HR 0.60;95% CI 0.45-0.80),但此后无显著优势。5年时的受限平均生存时间(RMST)分析也倾向于TAVR(多1.01个月,p = 0.01) 。这表明TAVR在早期可能具有生存优势,但长期优势仍有待进一步数据证实 。

  • 并发症:

    • 早期,TAVR通常与较低的卒中率、死亡或卒中率以及新发心房颤动率相关 。
    • 然而,TAVR患者可能面临更高的永久性起搏器植入率和中度以上瓣周漏发生率 。
    • 一项研究比较了无缝合SAVR (SU-SAVR) 和TAVR在低风险AS患者中的心力衰竭再住院(HFH)情况,结果显示SU-SAVR组的HFH发生率(27.8% vs. 4.8%,P < 0.001)和全因死亡率(32.5% vs. 17.6%,P < 0.001)均高于TAVR组。即使在倾向评分匹配后,这些差异仍然显著。研究认为,对于适合SU-SAVR或TAVR的严重AS患者,TAVR可能是更优的选择 。

中风险患者 (Intermediate-Risk Patients)

对于中风险患者,TAVR也已被证实与SAVR具有相似的临床效果。

  • 早期的随机试验数据支持TAVR在治疗高风险和中风险主动脉瓣狭窄患者方面的应用,其主要结局与SAVR相似 。
  • 一项回顾性多中心研究比较了伴有冠状动脉疾病(CAD)的中风险AS患者(logistic EuroSCORE 10-20%,EuroSCORE II 4-9%)接受TAVI+PCI与SAVR+CABG的长期结局。结果显示,在30天、6个月、1年和2年时的死亡率相似。尽管TAVI+PCI组患者年龄较大,SAVR+CABG组CAD复杂性更高,但在3年时,TAVI+PCI组的死亡率略高(37.1% vs. 25.5%,p = 0.02)。然而,在倾向评分匹配后(每组154名患者),3年死亡率差异不再显著(33.8% vs. 25.9%,p = 0.14) 。手术患者经历了更多的并发症,包括谵妄、卒中、急性肾损伤、大出血和输血需求 。研究认为,TAVI+PCI和SAVR+CABG在中风险AS-CAD患者中产生了可比的长期结局,尽管早期并发症在手术组中更常见,但长期生存有改善的趋势 。
  • 一项荟萃分析还强调,TAVR在所有外科风险水平的患者中,与SAVR相比,短期和中期临床结局相似或更优 。

真实世界证据 (Real-World Evidence)

真实世界数据进一步巩固了TAVR在中低风险患者中的地位。

  • 在低风险人群中,一项单中心回顾性研究比较了SAVR(2009年6月至2016年7月,n=682)和TAVI(2009年6月至2017年7月,n=400)的患者。通过倾向评分匹配后(每组79名患者),发现在平均4.5年的中位随访期内,治疗策略不影响全因死亡率(HR 1.19,95% CI 0.77-1.83,p = 0.43)或再住院率。虽然TAVI患者的永久性起搏器植入率(0% vs. 19%,p < 0.001)和中度以上瓣周漏发生率(4% vs. 18%,p = 0.009)较高,但卒中、大出血、紧急心脏手术、新发心房颤动和肾脏替代治疗的需求率均可比。住院时间(LOS)和30天死亡率也相似 。这项研究表明,在低风险重度AS患者中,两种手术在短期内是安全有效的,但长期效果仍需心脏团队评估 。
  • 在广泛的临床实践中,TAVR已被证明与SAVR在死亡、卒中以及出院后无住院天数(DAOH)方面没有差异,但TAVR患者更有可能在治疗后直接出院回家(69.9% vs. 41.2%) 。这对于患者的康复和生活质量具有重要意义。
  • TAVR的“学习曲线”已显著改善,全球并发症发生率正在下降。实践中的当代变化,如在清醒镇静下而非全身麻醉下进行手术、加速康复和早期出院,可能会进一步提高其成本效益 。

成本效益 (Cost-Effectiveness)

TAVR在成本效益方面也显示出优势,尤其是在中低风险患者中。

  • 多项系统回顾和经济学评估研究表明,TAVR在中低风险患者中可能是具有成本效益的替代方案 。
    • 一项系统回顾(纳入8项研究,其中6项涉及中风险患者,2项涉及低风险患者)显示,TAVR与SAVR相比的增量成本效益比(ICER)在所有研究中都低于可接受的阈值。TAVR具有成本效益的概率在78%-97%之间 。
    • 另一项系统回顾(纳入29项成本效益研究)发现,TAVR在所有低风险组研究中(3/3)均具有成本效益,在中风险组研究中77%(7/9)具有成本效益,在高风险组研究中50%(6/12)具有成本效益,在不适宜手术组研究中83%(10/12)具有成本效益 。TAVR与生活质量调整生命年(QALYs)的显著增加相关,调整至2020年美元后,ICERs范围从2741美元到1027674美元/QALY 。
  • 在美国,至少在中间风险和低风险患者的前1-2年,TAVR与SAVR相比,其成本相似或更低 。
  • 在日本,一项针对低风险和中风险AS患者的成本效益分析显示,TAVR(使用SAPIEN 3)在中风险患者中是“优势”程序(成本更低,效益更高)。在低风险患者中,TAVR的ICER为750,417日元/QALY,低于500万日元/QALY的成本效益阈值。所有敏感性分析和情景分析均证实了TAVR的稳健性。这表明TAVR可以为日本患者提供有意义的价值,并可能在中风险患者中节省成本 。
  • 然而,并非所有地区都显示出TAVR的成本效益优势。在中国,一项针对低风险和中风险AS患者的成本效益评估发现,与普遍采用SAVR相比,风险分层策略(低风险患者SAVR,中风险患者TAVR)和普遍采用TAVR均不具有成本效益。普遍采用TAVR获得了最多的QALYs(6.76 QALYs),但成本最高(58,949美元)。风险分层策略的ICER(117,048美元/QALY)和普遍采用TAVR的ICER(80,526美元/QALY)均超过了中国的支付意愿阈值(37,657美元/QALY)。敏感性分析显示,只有当TAVR瓣膜成本降低超过44.23%(即低于21,477美元)时,普遍采用TAVR才可能具有成本效益。在低风险和中风险亚组中,普遍采用TAVR和风险分层策略与普遍采用SAVR相比,均不具有成本效益 。这突显了不同国家医疗系统和支付意愿阈值对成本效益评估结果的重要性 。

生活质量 (Quality of Life)

TAVR在改善患者生活质量方面也表现良好。

  • PARTNER 3试验的7年随访数据显示,TAVR和SAVR两组患者报告的结局相似 。
  • Evolut Low Risk试验的5年结果也显示,TAVR和SAVR两组患者的生活质量均持续改善,Kansas City心肌病问卷(KCCQ)总评分在TAVR组为88.3 ± 15.8,SAVR组为88.5 ± 15.8 。
  • 此外,TAVR患者在术后更有可能直接出院回家,这可能意味着更快的康复和更早地恢复日常活动,从而间接提升生活质量 。
  • TAVR与大多数研究中QALYs的显著增加相关,表明其在提升患者生活质量方面具有积极影响 。

指南推荐 (Guideline Recommendations)

全球主要心脏病学会的指南已经认可了TAVR在中低风险AS患者中的作用,尽管具体建议可能略有不同。

  • 2020年美国心脏病学会(ACC)/美国心脏协会(AHA)指南建议,对于年龄在65至80岁的低风险AS患者,TAVR和SAVR都是可行的治疗选择 。
  • 欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)/欧洲心胸外科学会(EACTS)2021年指南和ACC/AHA 2020年指南在AS管理方面大体一致,但存在三个主要区别:干预时机、瓣膜选择以及TAVR与SAVR的年龄分界点 。尽管这些指南对TAVR与SAVR的年龄划分仍存在差异,但这反映了TAVR在低风险患者中的证据仍在不断完善中 。
  • “心脏团队”(Heart Team)模式是AS患者管理中的关键,通过多学科协作(包括内科医生和外科医生)进行风险分层和共享决策,以减少单一决策可能带来的偏见,确保患者获得最适合的治疗方案 。对于年轻和低风险AS患者,心脏团队的决策工具对于指导治疗选择至关重要 。

准入/HTA沟通边界 (Market Access/HTA Communication Boundaries)

TAVR的准入和HTA评估是一个复杂的过程,涉及临床证据、成本效益、预算影响以及医疗体系的承受能力。

  • 证据基础:TAVR在不适宜手术、高风险、中风险患者中已积累了大量的临床试验数据,并在低风险患者中也显示出与SAVR相似或更好的短期/中期临床结局 。这些证据是HTA评估和准入决策的核心。
  • 成本效益:如前所述,多项研究表明TAVR在中低风险患者中具有成本效益,甚至可能在中风险患者中带来成本节约 。然而,TAVR的初始成本较高,其成本效益在很大程度上取决于每个国家可接受的支付意愿阈值 。在中国等一些地区,TAVR的初始高成本使其在现有价格下不具成本效益 。
  • 预算影响:随着TAVR适应症的扩大(包括低风险患者),TAVR的使用量预计将显著增加 。例如,在澳大利亚,Medicare福利计划的报销预计将导致TAVR使用量在未来五年内呈指数级增长 。这种增长将对医疗保健预算产生重大影响,需要在HTA评估中仔细权衡。
  • 长期数据需求:尽管TAVR在中低风险患者中表现出良好的短期和中期效果,但更长期的临床结局和瓣膜耐久性数据(特别是超过5-7年)对于最终确定其在年轻、低风险患者中的地位至关重要 。HTA机构通常会要求更全面的长期数据来评估一项新技术对患者生命周期的影响。
  • 心脏团队决策:HTA机构在评估TAVR时,也会考虑临床实践指南中强调的“心脏团队”决策模式。这种多学科的评估方法有助于确保患者选择的适当性,这在推广昂贵且复杂的医疗技术时尤为重要 。
  • 技术进步和并发症管理:TAVR技术的快速发展(如更小的导管、更好的瓣膜设计)以及并发症管理经验的积累,都在不断优化其临床表现和成本效益。例如,当代实践中采用的清醒镇静、加速康复和早期出院策略,有助于提高成本效益 。HTA评估也需要及时纳入这些最新进展。
  • 国家间的差异:TAVR的准入和HTA沟通边界因国家而异,受当地医疗体系、支付能力、医疗资源分布和政策导向等因素影响。因此,尽管国际指南提供了通用建议,但具体落地仍需结合国情进行调整 。

总结

TAVR已成为中低风险重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的重要治疗选择。在临床获益方面,TAVR在早期可能提供生存优势并减少早期并发症,但在5-7年的随访中,与SAVR相比在复合终点事件上无显著差异。然而,TAVR在某些长期指标(如再干预率,特别是主动脉瓣反流导致的再干预)上可能显示出更高的趋势,这需要持续监测和研究 。真实世界证据普遍支持其疗效和安全性,并显示出患者出院更快等优势。在成本效益方面,TAVR在许多国家被认为是成本效益高的选择,但其初始成本和不同国家的支付意愿阈值会影响其经济学评估结果。生活质量方面,TAVR和SAVR均能显著改善患者生活质量,且长期效果相似。各大指南已推荐TAVR作为中低风险患者的治疗选择,强调心脏团队决策的重要性。未来,更多长期数据和针对年轻患者的证据将进一步明确TAVR的价值,并持续影响其在不同医疗体系中的准入和HTA评估。

References

1Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients at Five Years.PubMed

Michael J Mack, Martin B Leon, Vinod H Thourani, et al.
BACKGROUND: A previous analysis in this trial showed that among patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis who were at low surgical risk, the rate of the composite end point of death, stroke, or rehospitalization at 1 year was significantly lower with transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) than with surgical aortic-valve replacement. Longer-term outcomes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis and low surgical risk to undergo either TAVR or surgery. The first primary end point was a composite of death, stroke, or rehospitalization related to the valve, the procedure, or heart failure. The second primary end point was a hierarchical composite that included death, disabling stroke, nondisabling stroke, and the number of rehospitalization days, analyzed with the use of a win ratio analysis. Clinical, echocardiographic, and health-status outcomes were assessed through 5 years. RESULTS: A total of 1000 patients underwent randomization: 503 patients were assigned to undergo TAVR, and 497 to undergo surgery. A component of the first primary end point occurred in 111 of 496 patients in the TAVR group and in 117 of 454 patients in the surgery group (Kaplan-Meier estimates, 22.8% in the TAVR group and 27.2% in the surgery group; difference, -4.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -9.9 to 1.3; P = 0.07). The win ratio for the second primary end point was 1.17 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.51; P = 0.25). The Kaplan-Meier estimates for the components of the first primary end point were as follows: death, 10.0% in the TAVR group and 8.2% in the surgery group; stroke, 5.8% and 6.4%, respectively; and rehospitalization, 13.7% and 17.4%. The hemodynamic performance of the valve, assessed according to the mean (±SD) valve gradient, was 12.8±6.5 mm Hg in the TAVR group and 11.7±5.6 mm Hg in the surgery group. Bioprosthetic-valve failure occurred in 3.3% of the patients in the TAVR group and in 3.8% of those in the surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: Among low-risk patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis who underwent TAVR or surgery, there was no significant between-group difference in the two primary composite outcomes. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; PARTNER 3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02675114.).

2TAVI plus PCI versus SAVR plus CABG: Long-term outcome of a multicentre-registry.PubMed

A Stundl, L Preuss, A Prinzing, et al.
BACKGROUND: In elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) is common. Escpecially for intermediate-risk patients eligible for both interventional and surgical treatment, long-term benefit of either approach remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To compare long-term outcomes of TAVI + PCI versus SAVR + CABG in intermediate-risk AS-CAD patients (logistic EuroSCORE 10-20%, EuroSCORE II 4-9%). METHODS: This retrospective multicentre study included 366 patients treated between 2012 and 2020: 211 underwent TAVI + PCI and 155 received SAVR + CABG. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality up to three years; secondary outcomes followed VARC-3 criteria. RESULTS: Mortality rates were similar at 30 days (4.8% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.16), six months (12.4% each), one year (18.1% vs. 15.7%) and two years (24.9% vs. 20.1%). At three years, mortality was higher after TAVI + PCI (37.1% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.02), though CAD complexity was greater in the SAVR + CABG group (SYNTAX Score 22.2 vs. 15.9, p < 0.001). TAVI + PCI patients were older (81.1 vs. 78.5 years, p < 0.001), but surgical risk was comparable (EuroSCORE II 6.4% vs. 6.2%). Surgical patients experienced more complications, including delirium, stroke, acute kidney injury, major bleedings and transfusion needs. After propensity score matching (154 patients per group), 3-year mortality no longer differed significantly (33.8% vs. 25.9%, p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Both TAVI + PCI and SAVR + CABG yield comparable long-term outcomes in intermediate-risk AS-CAD patients. Although early complications were more common with surgery, there was a trend towards improved long-term survival.

3Cost-Effectiveness of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Intervention (TAVI) Compared to Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR) in Low- to Intermediate-Surgical-Risk Patients.PubMed

Meor Azraai, Lan Gao, Andrew E Ajani
INTRODUCTION: Transcatheter aortic valve intervention (TAVI) is known to be non-inferior to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in low-intermediate surgical risk patients. This present systematic review was conducted to analyse the cost-effectiveness of TAVI in this patient population. METHODS: Four electronic databases from January 2010 to November 2019 were used to identify relevant cost-effectiveness studies of TAVI versus SAVR in low-intermediate risk patients. The primary endpoints were the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and the probability of cost effectiveness. The eligible studies for the present systematic review included those in which the cost-effectiveness data were measured or projected for TAVI and SAVR. RESULTS: Eight studies were included in this review, where six studies involved intermediate risk patients and two studies with low risk patients. The reported ICER for TAVI compared to SAVR in low-intermediate risk patients were below the ICER threshold of acceptability in all studies. The probability of TAVI being cost-effective compared to SAVR ranged from 78%-97%. CONCLUSIONS: TAVI is likely to be a cost-effective alternative to SAVR in low-intermediate risk patients. More studies on low risk patients is needed.

4ESC/EACTS vs. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of severe aortic stenosis.PubMed

Grace Lee, Joanna Chikwe, Milan Milojevic, et al.
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a serious and complex condition, for which optimal management continues to evolve rapidly. An understanding of current clinical practice guidelines is critical to effective patient care and shared decision-making. This state of the art review of the 2021 European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Guidelines and 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines compares their recommendations for AS based on the evidence to date. The European and American guidelines were generally congruent with the exception of three key distinctions. First, the European guidelines recommend intervening at a left ventricular ejection fraction of 55%, compared with 60% over serial imaging by the American guidelines for asymptomatic patients. Second, the European guidelines recommend a threshold of ≥65 years for surgical bioprosthesis, whereas the American guidelines employ multiple age categories, providing latitude for patient factors and preferences. Third, the guidelines endorse different age cut-offs for transcatheter vs. surgical aortic valve replacement, despite limited evidence. This review also discusses trends indicating a decreasing proportion of mechanical valve replacements. Finally, the review identifies gaps in the literature for areas including transcatheter aortic valve implantation in asymptomatic patients, the appropriateness of Ross procedures, concomitant coronary revascularization with aortic valve replacement, and bicuspid AS. To summarize, this state of the art review compares the latest European and American guidelines on the management of AS to highlight three areas of divergence: timing of intervention, valve selection, and surgical vs. transcatheter aortic valve replacement criteria.

5Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a new standard of care.PubMed

Adam J Nelson, Nicholas J Montarello, Claudia S Cosgrove, et al.
Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular lesion requiring intervention and with an ageing population, its burden is likely to increase. Increasing comorbidity and a desire for less invasive treatment strategies has facilitated the expansion of percutaneous aortic valve therapies. Robust clinical trial data are now available to support the role of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients of prohibitive, high and now intermediate surgical risk. The introduction of a Medicare Benefits Schedule reimbursement is likely to see TAVI use grow exponentially in Australia over the next 5 years. Clinical trials evaluating low risk patients may be the final frontier to see TAVI become the standard of care for most patients with severe aortic stenosis.

6Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Balloon-Expandable Valve in Low-Risk Patients.PubMed

Michael J Mack, Martin B Leon, Vinod H Thourani, et al.
BACKGROUND: Among patients with aortic stenosis who are at intermediate or high risk for death with surgery, major outcomes are similar with transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic-valve replacement. There is insufficient evidence regarding the comparison of the two procedures in patients who are at low risk. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with severe aortic stenosis and low surgical risk to undergo either TAVR with transfemoral placement of a balloon-expandable valve or surgery. The primary end point was a composite of death, stroke, or rehospitalization at 1 year. Both noninferiority testing (with a prespecified margin of 6 percentage points) and superiority testing were performed in the as-treated population. RESULTS: At 71 centers, 1000 patients underwent randomization. The mean age of the patients was 73 years, and the mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score was 1.9% (with scores ranging from 0 to 100% and higher scores indicating a greater risk of death within 30 days after the procedure). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the rate of the primary composite end point at 1 year was significantly lower in the TAVR group than in the surgery group (8.5% vs. 15.1%; absolute difference, -6.6 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -10.8 to -2.5; P<0.001 for noninferiority; hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.79; P = 0.001 for superiority). At 30 days, TAVR resulted in a lower rate of stroke than surgery (P = 0.02) and in lower rates of death or stroke (P = 0.01) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (P<0.001). TAVR also resulted in a shorter index hospitalization than surgery (P<0.001) and in a lower risk of a poor treatment outcome (death or a low Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score) at 30 days (P<0.001). There were no significant between-group differences in major vascular complications, new permanent pacemaker insertions, or moderate or severe paravalvular regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with severe aortic stenosis who were at low surgical risk, the rate of the composite of death, stroke, or rehospitalization at 1 year was significantly lower with TAVR than with surgery. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; PARTNER 3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02675114.).

7Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients: Updated Meta-Analysis.PubMed

Tomonari M Shimoda, Yoshihisa Miyamoto, Shinichi Fukuhara, et al.
Long-term data are essential for selection between transcatheter (TAVR) and surgical (SAVR) aortic valve replacement in low-risk aortic stenosis (AS) patients. Given the recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and mid-term outcomes from existing trials, a reappraisal of the current literature is necessary. We systematically identified RCTs comparing TAVR and SAVR in low risk AS patients. A meta-analysis was performed using the reconstructed time-to-event data from published Kaplan-Meier curves. The outcome of interest was mid-term mortality. A stratified Cox model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs). Proportional hazard assumptions were tested, with landmark analysis and restricted mean survival time (RMST) analysis conducted accordingly. 7 RCTs including 5,740 patients (TAVR: 2,927; SAVR: 2,813) were included. At 5 years, TAVR was associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.70-1.00). Landmark analysis showed a significant survival benefit in the first year (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.45-0.80), but not thereafter. The RMST analysis at 5 years favored TAVR by 1.01 months (p = 0.01). In low risk AS patients, TAVR demonstrated an early survival advantage. However, it remains uncertain whether this short-term benefit translates to long-term advantages. Long-term data are necessary to fully inform clinical practice.

8Aortic valve replacement today: Outcomes, costs, and opportunities for improvement.PubMed

Sameer Amin, Suzanne J Baron, Benjamin Z Galper
The introduction of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) just two decades ago has transformed the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. TAVR has not only extended the option of aortic valve replacement to patients deemed ineligible for surgery, it has also demonstrated similar or better short- and intermediate-term clinical outcomes compared with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients at all levels of surgical risk. These benefits have been achieved with similar or lower costs compared with SAVR, at least in the first 1-2 years for intermediate- and low-risk patients. Longer-term data will further inform clinical and shared decision-making. SUMMARY FOR ANNOTATED TABLE OF CONTENTS: In just over two decades, transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as a frontline approach for appropriately selected patients with severe aortic stenosis. A growing body of evidence documents similar or better clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness for transcatheter compared with surgical aortic valve replacement. Whether the mode is transcatheter or surgical, aortic valve replacement remains underutilized in patients with clear indications for intervention.

9Decision-Making Approach to the Treatment of Young and Low-Risk Patients With Aortic Stenosis.PubMed

Tanush Gupta, S Chris Malaisrie, Wayne Batchelor, et al.
Over a decade of randomized controlled trial data demonstrate excellent outcomes with transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis regardless of surgical risk. The 2020 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend both options for low-risk AS patients aged 65 to 80 years. However, the fastest growing population of patients receiving transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the United States is <65 years old, with little data to support the practice. The American College of Cardiology's Cardiac Surgery Team Section Leadership and Interventional Cardiology Councils, a multidisciplinary collaboration of cardiologists and cardiac surgeons, sought to summarize the relevant data into a decision-making tool for heart valve teams. A literature review was completed, and guidelines, randomized controlled trials, and large observational studies were summarized into a pragmatic decision-making approach to treating young and low-risk patients with AS.

10Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis: systematic review of cost-effectiveness analysis.PubMed

Phatcharaphorn Chotnoppharatphatthara, Voratima Yoodee, Suthinee Taesotikul, et al.
BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a less invasive and costly treatment for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). This study aimed to systematically review the published literature focusing on economic evaluation of TAVI compared with other alternative treatments in AS populations. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted from inception until May 2021 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of science and Embase databases. The qualities of included studies were evaluated using Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standard (CHEERS) criteria. Data of costs, outcomes, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and willingness to pay were extracted. To compare results, ICERs were converted to the 2020 United States dollar (USD) rate. RESULTS: Of the 29 included cost-effectiveness studies, TAVI was cost-effective in all studies in the low-risk group (3/3), 77% of studies (7/9) in the intermediate-risk group, half of the studies (6/12) in the high-risk group, and 83% of studies (10/12) in the inoperable group. When adjusted to USD 2020, ICERs ranged from USD 2741 to 1027,674 USD per quality-adjusted life-year gained. The overall quality of the studies ranged from moderate to high. CONCLUSIONS: TAVI is potentially a cost-effective alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for patients with operable AS with low, intermediate or high risk compared with medical management (MM) for patients with inoperable AS. TAVI was associated with a significant gain in quality-adjusted life-years in almost all studies compared to either SAVR or MM. TAVI is a costly procedure; therefore, justifying its cost-effectiveness depends on the acceptable threshold in each country.

11Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients at 7 Years.PubMed

Martin B Leon, Michael J Mack, Philippe Pibarot, et al.
BACKGROUND: Five-year data from the PARTNER 3 trial showed that among low-risk patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis, outcomes were similar among patients who had undergone transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) and those who had undergone surgical aortic-valve replacement. Longer-term assessments of clinical outcomes and valve durability are needed. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to undergo transfemoral TAVR or surgery. The first primary end point was a nonhierarchical composite of death, stroke, or rehospitalization related to the procedure, the valve, or heart failure. The second primary end point was a hierarchical composite of death, disabling stroke, nondisabling stroke, and the number of rehospitalization days related to the procedure, the valve, or heart failure, analyzed with the use of a win ratio analysis. Clinical, echocardiographic, valve-durability, and health-status end points were assessed through 7 years. RESULTS: A total of 1000 patients underwent randomization. In the analysis of the first primary end point, the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the incidence of an end-point event was 34.6% with TAVR and 37.2% with surgery (difference, -2.6 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -9.0 to 3.7). The win ratio for the second primary end point was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.30). In the TAVR and surgery groups, respectively, the Kaplan-Meier estimates for the incidence of components of the first primary end point were as follows: death, 19.5% and 16.8%; stroke, 8.5% and 8.1%; and rehospitalization, 20.6% and 23.5%. The mean (±SD) aortic-valve gradients assessed by echocardiography at 7 years were 13.1±8.5 mm Hg after TAVR and 12.1±6.3 mm Hg after surgery. The percentage of bioprosthetic valves that failed was 6.9% in the TAVR group and 7.5% in the surgery group. Patient-reported outcomes were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among low-risk patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis, no significant differences with respect to two primary composite end points involving death, stroke, and rehospitalization were observed at 7 years between those who had undergone TAVR and those who had undergone surgery. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; PARTNER 3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02675114.).

12Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: Propensity-Matched Comparison.PubMed

J Matthew Brennan, Laine Thomas, David J Cohen, et al.
BACKGROUND: Randomized trials support the use of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for the treatment of aortic stenosis in high- and intermediate-risk patients, but the generalizability of those results in clinical practice has been challenged. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of TAVR versus surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), particularly in intermediate- and high-risk patients, in a nationally representative real-world cohort. METHODS: Using data from the Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry and Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database linked to Medicare administrative claims for follow-up, 9,464 propensity-matched intermediate- and high-risk (Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality score ≥3%) U.S. patients who underwent commercial TAVR or SAVR were examined. Death, stroke, and days alive and out of the hospital to 1 year were compared, as well as discharge home, with subgroup analyses by surgical risk, demographics, and comorbidities. RESULTS: In a propensity-matched cohort (median age 82 years, 48% women, median Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality score 5.6%), TAVR and SAVR patients experienced no difference in 1-year rates of death (17.3% vs. 17.9%; hazard ratio: 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83 to 1.04) and stroke (4.2% vs. 3.3%; hazard ratio: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.47), and no difference was observed in the proportion of days alive and out of the hospital to 1 year (rate ratio: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.02). However, TAVR patients were more likely to be discharged home after treatment (69.9% vs. 41.2%; odds ratio: 3.19; 95% CI: 2.84 to 3.58). Results were consistent across most subgroups, including among intermediate- and high-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: Among unselected intermediate- and high-risk patients, TAVR and SAVR resulted in similar rates of death, stroke, and DAOH to 1 year, but TAVR patients were more likely to be discharged home.

13Cost-Effectiveness of Aortic Valve Replacement in Low- and Intermediate-Risk Chinese Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis.PubMed

Jin Peng, Xinglong Zheng, Minghuan Jiang, et al.
BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) remains debated as an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of aortic valve replacement strategies in low- and intermediate-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis in China. METHODS: A decision-analytic model combining decision tree and Markov model was developed to compare outcomes of universal SAVR, universal TAVR, and a risk-based strategy (SAVR in low-risk patients and TAVR in intermediate-risk patients) in a hypothetical cohort of 75-year-old patients with aortic stenosis within the perspective of the Chinese health care system. A meta-analysis was performed to derive the clinical inputs; the 2019 to 2021 claims data from Shaanxi Province were used for cost analysis, and quality of life was measured using EuroQoL-5D. One-way and probabilistic (10 000 Monte Carlo simulations) sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the robustness of model results. Primary outcomes included total costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS: Universal TAVR gained the most QALYs (6.76 QALYs) with the highest costs (USD 58 949). Compared with universal SAVR, the risk-based strategy gained 0.12 additional QALYs at higher costs (USD 14 046); the ICER (117 048 USD/QALY) exceeded the willingness-to-pay threshold (37 657 USD/QALY, 3-fold gross domestic product per capita in China). The ICER of universal TAVR versus universal SAVR (80 526 USD/QALY) also exceeded the willingness-to-pay threshold. Sensitivity analysis showed that universal TAVR would be cost-effective if TAVR valve costs were <USD 21 477 (>44.23% cost reduction). Subgroup analysis showed that universal TAVR and risk-based strategy remained not cost-effective compared with universal SAVR in both low-risk (ICER of 64 414 USD/QALY) and intermediate-risk (ICER of 124 851 USD/QALY) patients. In 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations, the probabilities of being cost-effective for universal SAVR, universal TAVR, and risk-based strategy were 89.81%, 10.14%, and 0.05%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk-based strategy and universal TAVR appeared not to be cost-effective versus universal SAVR in low- and intermediate-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis in China.

145-Year Outcomes After Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients With Aortic Stenosis.PubMed

John K Forrest, Steven J Yakubov, G Michael Deeb, et al.
BACKGROUND: The Evolut Low Risk trial demonstrated that transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) was noninferior to surgery for the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke at 2 years. Outcomes at 5 years have not been reported. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate 5-year clinical and hemodynamic outcomes with TAVR vs surgery in patients from the Evolut Low Risk trial. METHODS: We randomly assigned low-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis to TAVR or surgery. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke. Secondary endpoints included clinical, echocardiographic, and quality-of-life outcomes through 5 years. RESULTS: A total of 1,414 patients underwent an attempted implant (n = 730 TAVR, n = 684 surgery). The mean age was 74 years (range 51-88 years), and women accounted for 35% of patients. At 5 years the Kaplan-Meier estimate for the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke was 15.5% for the TAVR group and 16.4% for the surgery group (P = 0.47). The Kaplan-Meier estimates in the TAVR and surgery groups for all-cause mortality were 13.5% and 14.9% (P = 0.39) and for disabling stroke were 3.6% and 4.0% (P = 0.57). Cardiovascular mortality was 7.2% in the TAVR group and 9.3% in the surgery group (P = 0.15). Noncardiovascular mortality in the TAVR group was 6.8% and 6.2% in the surgery group (P = 0.73). A site-level vital status sweep was performed for patients who were lost to follow-up or withdrew from the study. With the addition of these patients, the all-cause mortality rate at 5 years for patients undergoing TAVR was 14.7% and for surgery was 15.2% (P = 0.74). Over 5 years, valve reintervention rate was 3.3% for TAVR and 2.5% for surgery (P = 0.44). A sustained improvement in quality of life was observed in both treatment arms with mean Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire summary score of 88.3 ± 15.8 in TAVR and 88.5 ± 15.8 in surgery. CONCLUSIONS: At 5 years, patients with severe aortic stenosis who were treated with either TAVR or surgery had comparable rates of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke. Valve durability and performance were excellent in both arms. This midterm evaluation reinforces the position of TAVR as noninferior to surgery in patients with severe aortic stenosis at low surgical risk (Medtronic Evolut Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Low Risk Patients; NCT02701283).

15Surgical versus transcatheter aortic valve replacement in low-risk patients: A long-term propensity score-matched analysis.PubMed

Catarina Brízido, Márcio Madeira, João Brito, et al.
BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest the use of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) as an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in lower risk populations, but real-world data are scarce. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study of patients undergoing SAVR (between June 2009 and July 2016, n = 682 patients) or TAVI (between June 2009 and July 2017, n = 400 patients). Low surgical risk was defined as EuroSCORE II (ES II) < 4% for single noncoronary artery bypass graft procedure. TAVI patients were propensity score-matched in a 1:1 ratio with SAVR patients, paired by age, New York Heart Association class, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation, creatinine clearance, and left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%. RESULTS: A total of 158 patients (79 SAVR and 79 TAVI) were matched (mean age 79 ± 6 years, 79 men). TAVI patients had a higher incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation (0% vs. 19%, p < 0.001) and more than mild paravalvular leak (4% vs. 18%, p = 0.009), but comparable rates of stroke, major or life-threatening bleeding, emergent cardiac surgery, new-onset atrial fibrillation, and need for renal replacement therapy. Hospital length-of-stay and 30-day mortality were similar. At a median follow-up of 4.5 years (IQR 3.0-6.9), treatment strategy did not influence all-cause mortality (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.77-1.83, log rank p = 0.43) nor rehospitalization (crude subdistribution HR 1.56, 95% CI 0.71-3.41, p = 0.26). ES II remained the only independent predictor of long-term all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04-1.90, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: In this low surgical risk severe aortic stenosis population, we observed similar rates of 30-day and long-term all-cause mortality, despite higher rates of permanent pacemaker implantation and more than mild paravalvular leak in TAVI patients. The results of this small study suggest that both procedures are safe and effective in the short-term, while the Heart Team remains essential to assess both options on the long-term.

16Contemporary review of severe aortic stenosis.PubMed

Heath S L Adams, Srikkumar Ashokkumar, Andrew Newcomb, et al.
Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common form of valvular heart disease in the developed world, with a rising prevalence due to an ageing Australian population. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) offers a less invasive option for the treatment of severe AS, with evidence supporting TAVI compared with medical therapy in inoperable patients and superior with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in high-risk patients. Equal outcomes have been observed in all-comer intermediate-risk populations. The Heart Team utilises a shared decision-making approach between physicians and surgeons in risk-stratifying patients and reduces the intrinsic bias that may occur if decisions are made in isolation. Geriatric assessment is useful for identifying preoperative frailty, a major risk factor for death post-aortic valve intervention. In severe AS, a decision can be made collaboratively to pursue TAVI, SAVR, a Ross Procedure or conservative management. The learning curve associated with TAVI has improved markedly, with overall complication rates decreasing around the world. Contemporary changes in practice, such as conscious sedation without general anaesthesia, expedited recovery and early discharge, will likely improve cost-effectiveness. In 2018, TAVI is a well-established procedure in Australia that has revolutionised the management of severe AS. In the future, with an expanding elderly population, the number of patients to benefit from transcatheter therapies for severe AS is hypothesised to increase 4-10-fold. Heart Team assessment is crucial in patients with severe AS to direct appropriate management.

175-Year Echocardiographic Results of Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients.PubMed

Rebecca T Hahn, Julien Ternacle, Iria Silva, et al.
BACKGROUND: The PARTNER 3 (Safety and Effectiveness of the SAPIEN 3 Transcatheter Heart Valve in Low Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis) trial compared SAPIEN 3 transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) to surgery in low-risk patients with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis. Echocardiographic outcomes at 5 years are unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare 5-year echocardiographic results of TAVR and surgery in the PARTNER 3 trial. METHODS: Echocardiograms for 1,000 randomized patients were obtained at baseline, 30 days, 1 year, and annually through 5 years and were analyzed by a core lab consortium. The composite primary endpoint of death, stroke, or rehospitalization was adjudicated by a clinical events committee. RESULTS: At 5 years, ≥ mild aortic regurgitation was higher following TAVR vs surgery (24.5% vs 6.3%; P < 0.001), with low ≥ moderate aortic regurgitation in both groups. TAVR patients had higher mean transaortic gradient (12.8 ± 6.5 vs 11.7 ± 5.6 mm Hg; P < 0.001), stroke volume index (44.6 ± 9.7 vs 41.1 ± 9.2; P < 0.0001), and aortic valve area (1.87 ± 0.46 vs 1.82 ± 0.46; P = 0.895). Fewer TAVR patients had low-flow stroke volume index (P < 0.001) and left ventricular hemodynamic burden (valvulo-arterial impedance; P < 0.01). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was also higher with TAVR (P < 0.001), as was right ventricular-to-pulmonary artery coupling (P < 0.0001). In the combined cohorts, 30-day moderate to severe prosthesis-patient mismatch, mild to severe aortic regurgitation, or low stroke volume index were not predictive of clinical outcomes; only low right ventricular-to-pulmonary artery coupling and high valvulo-arterial impedance at 30 days were associated with increased risk of the 5-year composite primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis, TAVR, compared to surgery, was associated with similar, stable valve hemodynamics at 5 years with less frequent low-flow state, lower valvulo-arterial impedance, and better right ventricular function. (PARTNER 3 Trial: Safety and Effectiveness of the SAPIEN 3 Transcatheter Heart Valve in Low Risk Patients with Aortic Stenosis [P3]; NCT02675114).

18Heart failure hospitalization following surgical or transcatheter aortic valve implantation in low-risk aortic stenosis.PubMed

Helena Lopez-Martinez, Victoria Vilalta, Julio Farjat-Pasos, et al.
AIMS: In low-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), sutureless surgical aortic valve replacement (SU-SAVR) may be an alternative to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The risk of heart failure hospitalization (HFH) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) in this population is incompletely characterized. This study aims to investigate the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of HFH in patients undergoing SU-SAVR versus TAVI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients referred for AVR between 2013 and 2020 at two centres were consecutively included. The decision for SU-SAVR or TAVI was determined by a multidisciplinary Heart Team. Cox regression and competing risk analysis were conducted to assess adverse events. Of 594 patients (mean age 77.5 ± 6.4, 59.8% male), 424 underwent SU-SAVR, while 170 underwent TAVI. Following a mean follow-up of 34.1 ± 23.1 months, HFH occurred in 112 (27.8%) SU-SAVR patients and in 8 (4.8%) TAVI patients (P < 0.001). The SU-SAVR cohort exhibited higher all-cause mortality (138 [32.5%] patients compared with 30 [17.6%] in the TAVI cohort [P < 0.001]). These differences remained significant after sensitivity analyses with 1:1 propensity score matching for baseline variables. SU-SAVR with HFH was associated with increased all-cause mortality (61.6% vs. 23.1%, P < 0.001). Independent associates of HFH in SU-SAVR patients included diabetes, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower glomerular filtration rate and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. SU-SAVR patients with HFH had a 12-month LVEF of 59.4 ± 12.7. CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk AS, SU-SAVR is associated with a higher risk of HFH and all-cause mortality compared to TAVI. In patients with severe AS candidate to SU-SAVR or TAVI, TAVI may be the preferred intervention.

19Cost-effectiveness analysis of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in aortic stenosis patients at low- and intermediate-surgical risk in Japan.PubMed

Junjiro Kobayashi, Suzanne J Baron, Kensuke Takagi, et al.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) using the SAPIEN 3 (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) compared to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in low- and intermediate-risk patients from a Japanese public healthcare payer perspective. METHODS: A Markov model cost-effectiveness analysis was developed. Clinical and utility data were extracted from a systematic literature review. Cost inputs were obtained from analysis of the Medical Data Vision claims database and supplemented with a targeted literature search. The robustness of the results was assessed using sensitivity analyses. Scenario analyses were performed to determine the impact of lower mean age (77.5 years) and the effect of two different long-term mortality hazard ratios (TAVI versus SAVR: 0.9-1.09) on both risk-level populations. This analysis was conducted according to the guidelines for cost-effectiveness evaluation in Japan from Core 2 Health. RESULTS: In intermediate-risk patients, TAVI was a dominant procedure (TAVI had lower cost and higher effectiveness). In low-risk patients, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for TAVI was ¥750,417/quality-adjusted-life-years (QALY), which was below the cost-effectiveness threshold of ¥5 million/QALY. The ICER for TAVI was robust to all tested sensitivity and scenario analyses. CONCLUSIONS: TAVI was dominant and cost-effective compared to SAVR in intermediate- and low-risk patients, respectively. These results suggest that TAVI can provide meaningful value to Japanese patients relative to SAVR, at a reasonable incremental cost for patients at low surgical risk and potentially resulting in cost-savings in patients at intermediate surgical risk.

20Six-Year Outcomes After Transcatheter vs Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients With Aortic Stenosis.PubMed

John K Forrest, Steven J Yakubov, G Michael Deeb, et al.
BACKGROUND: The Evolut Low Risk trial enrolled patients with severe aortic stenosis at low surgical risk. Annual follow-up is planned for 10 years, evaluating the composite of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke and key secondary endpoints. OBJECTIVES: Our prespecified objective was to report the 6-year clinical outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) vs surgery from the Evolut Low Risk trial. Given an increase in reintervention rates at 6 years, we performed additional analyses in available 7-year data. METHODS: Low-risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis were randomized to TAVR or surgery from 2016-2019. Prespecified analyses at 6 years included annual follow-up of clinical outcomes reported as Kaplan-Meier estimates with log-rank test. Because the trial enrolled patients over several years, at the time of data lock, a majority of patients had completed 7-year follow-up. Given an increased reintervention rate at 6 years in the TAVR arm, we performed additional analysis of 7-year data available at the time of the database lock. Reintervention rates are reported as cumulative incidence. RESULTS: A total of 1,414 patients underwent an attempted implantation (730 TAVR, 684 surgery). At 6 years, the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke was 23.3% for TAVR and 20.4% for surgery (difference: 2.8% [95% CI: -1.9% to 7.6%]; P = 0.43). All-cause mortality with vital status sweep at 6 years was 23.3% (95% CI: 20.6%-26.4%) for TAVR and 20.2% (95% CI: 17.4%-23.3%) for surgery (P = 0.24). The reintervention rate at 6 years was 5.5% for TAVR and 3.3% for surgery (sHR: 1.66 [95% CI: 0.96-2.86]; P = 0.07). Using available 7-year follow-up (555 TAVR and 480 surgery), the reintervention rate for TAVR was 9.8% and for surgery was 6.0% (sHR: 1.68 [95% CI: 1.10-2.58]; P = 0.02). In the TAVR and surgery groups, the rate of reintervention for regurgitation was 5.6% vs 1.6% (sHR: 3.39 [95% CI: 1.62-7.07]; P < 0.001) and the rate of reintervention for stenosis was 3.6% vs 3.5% (sHR: 1.14 [95% CI: 0.61-2.15]; P = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The 6-year results from the Evolut Low Risk trial show no significant difference in the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke. At 6 and 7 years, the TAVR arm had a higher reintervention rate compared with surgery, driven by an increased incidence of aortic regurgitation. (Medtronic Evolut Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Low Risk Patients; NCT02701283).
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