NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:282913. doi: 10.1155/2013/282913. Epub 2013 Apr 23.
There is no malaria vaccine currently available, and the most advanced candidate has recently reported a modest 30% efficacy against clinical malaria. Although many efforts have been dedicated to achieve this goal, the research was mainly directed to identify antigenic targets. Nevertheless, the latest progresses on understanding how immune system works and the data recovered from vaccination studies have conferred to the vaccine formulation its deserved relevance. Additionally to the antigen nature, the manner in which it is presented (delivery adjuvants) as well as the immunostimulatory effect of the formulation components (immunostimulants) modulates the immune response elicited. Protective immunity against malaria requires the induction of humoral, antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) and effector and memory cell responses. This review summarizes the status of adjuvants that have been or are being employed in the malaria vaccine development, focusing on the pharmaceutical and immunological aspects, as well as on their immunization outcomings at clinical and preclinical stages.
目前尚无疟疾疫苗，最近最先进的候选疫苗对临床疟疾的疗效仅为 30%。尽管人们为此付出了很多努力，但研究主要集中在识别抗原靶点上。然而，最近在了解免疫系统如何运作方面的进展以及从疫苗研究中获得的数据，使疫苗的配方得到了应有的重视。除了抗原性质外，其呈现方式（传递佐剂）以及配方成分的免疫刺激作用（免疫刺激剂）也会调节所引起的免疫反应。针对疟疾的保护性免疫需要诱导体液、抗体依赖的细胞抑制（ADCI）以及效应和记忆细胞反应。本文综述了已用于或正在用于疟疾疫苗开发的佐剂的现状，重点介绍了其在药物和免疫学方面的情况，以及在临床和临床前阶段的免疫接种结果。
