Bacterial Stem Rot of Poinsettia Caused by a Dickeya sp. (Pectobacterium chrysanthemi) in China.

In December 2006, a rot symptom of unknown etiology was observed on stems of plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. Fu-xing) at a flower nursery in the Zhejiang Province of China where we had previously reported leaf spot of poinsettia caused by Xanthomonas campestris (2). Chlorotic spots anywhere along the stem and purplish black petioles were the first noticeable symptoms. The spots rapidly coalesced, forming large irregular chlorotic areas. Petioles turned black and shriveled and affected leaves wilted. Infected tissues were soft and water soaked. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from the diseased samples and five were selected for identification. They were similar to those of the standard reference strains of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.), LMG 2804 from Belgium and ZUPB20056 from China, in phenotypic tests based on the Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), pathogenicity tests, gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using the Microbial Identification System (MIDI Inc, Newark, DE) with aerobic bacterial library (TABA50), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM,KYKY-1000B, Japan). All strains tested were gram-negative facultative anaerobic rods measuring 1.5 to 3.6 × 0.6 to 1.1 μm, with peritrichous flagella. Colonies were gray-white and slightly raised with smooth margins on nutrient agar. They were negative for trehalose and positive for phosphatase production and reducing substances from sucrose. A hypersensitive reaction was observed on tobacco cv. Benshi, 24 h after inoculation. All five isolates, LMG 2804, and ZUPB20056 were identified as P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) with a Biolog similarity index of 0.58 to 0.83, 0.68, and 0.72 and a FAME similarity index of 0.52 to 0.80, 0.59, and 0.70, respectively. Identification as P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) was confirmed by PCR with specific primers used by Nassar et al (3). Koch's postulates were completed with the inoculation of 12 4-month-old intact poinsettia plants of cv. Fu-xing with cell suspensions containing 10 CFU/ml by a pinprick at the base of the stem. All five strains induced stem infection similar to those observed in natural infections. No symptoms were noted on the two control plants inoculated with sterilized distilled water by the same method. The bacterium was reisolated from symptomatic stems of poinsettia plants. P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) was first reported in United States as the cause of bacterial stem rot of poinsettia in 1972 (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of poinsettia stem rot caused by P. chrysanthemi (Dickeya sp.) in China. The disease cycle and the control strategies of the bacterial stem rot of poinsettia in the regions are being further studied. References: (1) H. A. J. Hoitink et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 56:480, 1972. (2) B. Li et al. Plant Pathol. 55:293, 2006. (3) A. A. Nassar et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2228, 1996.