作为产志贺毒素大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)肠杆菌科细菌来源的动物抚摸动物园。
Animal petting zoos as sources of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
作者信息
Isler Meret, Wissmann Ramona, Morach Marina, Zurfluh Katrin, Stephan Roger, Nüesch-Inderbinen Magdalena
机构信息
Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
出版信息
Zoonoses Public Health. 2021 Mar;68(2):79-87. doi: 10.1111/zph.12798. Epub 2020 Dec 31.
Animal petting zoos and farm fairs provide the opportunity for children and adults to interact with animals, but contact with animals carries a risk of exposure to zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animal faeces from six animal petting zoos and one farm fair in Switzerland. Furthermore, hygiene facilities on the venues were evaluated. Of 163 faecal samples, 75 contained stx1, stx2 or stx1/stx2 genes, indicating the presence of STEC. Samples included faeces from sika deer (100%), sheep (92%), goats (88%), mouflons (80%), camels (62%), llamas (50%), yaks (50%), pigs (29%) and donkeys (6%), whereas no stx genes were isolated from faeces of calves, guinea pigs, hens, ostriches, ponies, zebras or zebus. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Stourbridge (S. Stourbridge) was detected in faecal samples from camels. A total of four ESBL-producing E. coli strains were isolated from faeces of goats, camels and pigs. PCR and sequencing identified the presence of bla in three and bla in one E. coli. Antimicrobial resistance profiling using the disk diffusion method revealed two multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli with resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and azithromycin, all of which are critically important drugs for human medicine. Multilocus sequence typing identified E. coli ST162, E. coli ST2179, extraintestinal high-risk E. coli ST410 and E. coli ST4553, which belongs to the emerging extraintestinal clonal complex (CC) 648. No MRSA was detected. On all animal petting venues, there were inadequacies with regard to access to hygiene information and handwashing hygiene facilities. This study provides data that underscore the importance of hygiene measures to minimize the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens and MDR, ESBL-producing E. coli to visitors of animal petting venues.
动物抚摸动物园和乡村集市为儿童和成人提供了与动物互动的机会,但与动物接触存在感染人畜共患病原体和耐抗菌药物细菌的风险。本研究的目的是评估瑞士六个动物抚摸动物园和一个乡村集市的动物粪便中产生志贺毒素的大肠杆菌(STEC)、沙门氏菌、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的肠杆菌科细菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的出现情况。此外,还对这些场所的卫生设施进行了评估。在163份粪便样本中,75份含有stx1、stx2或stx1/stx2基因,表明存在STEC。样本包括梅花鹿(100%)、绵羊(92%)、山羊(88%)、摩弗伦羊(80%)、骆驼(62%)、美洲驼(50%)、牦牛(50%)、猪(29%)和驴(6%)的粪便,而在小牛、豚鼠、母鸡、鸵鸟、小马、斑马或瘤牛的粪便中未分离到stx基因。在骆驼的粪便样本中检测到肠炎沙门氏菌亚种肠炎血清型斯托布里奇(S. Stourbridge)。从山羊、骆驼和猪的粪便中总共分离出4株产ESBL的大肠杆菌菌株。PCR和测序鉴定出3株大肠杆菌中存在bla,1株大肠杆菌中存在bla。使用纸片扩散法进行的抗菌药物耐药性分析显示,有2株多重耐药(MDR)大肠杆菌对环丙沙星、庆大霉素和阿奇霉素耐药,所有这些都是对人类医学至关重要的药物。多位点序列分型鉴定出大肠杆菌ST162、大肠杆菌ST2179、肠外高风险大肠杆菌ST410和属于新兴肠外克隆复合体(CC)648的大肠杆菌ST4553。未检测到MRSA。在所有动物抚摸场所,获取卫生信息和洗手卫生设施方面都存在不足。本研究提供的数据强调了卫生措施对于将人畜共患病原体以及耐多药、产ESBL的大肠杆菌传播给动物抚摸场所参观者的风险降至最低的重要性。