Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
J Hazard Mater. 2021 Jul 15;414:125471. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125471. Epub 2021 Feb 20.
The biomedical applications of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBN) have significantly grown in the last years. Many of these applications suppose their intravenous exposure and, in this way, GBN could encounter blood cells triggering an immunological response of unknown effects. Consequently, understanding the relationships between GBN and the immune system response should be a prerequisite for its adequate use in biomedicine. In the present study, we have conducted a little explored ex vivo exposure method in order to study the complexity of the secretome given by the interactions between GBN and blood cells. Blood samples from different healthy donors were exposed to three different types of GBN widely used in the biomedical field. In this sense, graphene oxide (GO), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and a panel of 105 proteins representatives of the blood secretome were evaluated. The results show broad changes in both the cytokines number and the expression levels, with important changes in inflammatory response markers. Furthermore, the indirect soft-agar assay was used as a tool to unravel the global functional impact of the found secretome changes. Our results indicate that the GBN-induced altered secretome can modify the natural anchorage-independent growth capacity of HeLa cells, used as a model. As a conclusion, this study describes an innovative approach to study the potential harmful effects of GBN, providing relevant data to be considered in the biomedical context when GBN are planned to be used in patients.
基于石墨烯的纳米材料（GBN）在生物医学中的应用近年来显著增长。这些应用中的许多都假设它们是通过静脉内暴露的，因此 GBN 可能会遇到血细胞，引发未知影响的免疫反应。因此，了解 GBN 与免疫系统反应之间的关系应该是其在生物医学中适当应用的前提。在本研究中，我们进行了一种探索较少的体外暴露方法，以研究 GBN 与血细胞相互作用所产生的分泌组的复杂性。来自不同健康供体的血液样本被暴露于三种广泛用于生物医学领域的不同类型的 GBN 下。在这种情况下，评估了氧化石墨烯（GO）、石墨烯纳米片（GNPs）、石墨烯纳米带（GNRs）和 105 种代表血液分泌组的蛋白质。结果表明，细胞因子数量和表达水平都发生了广泛的变化，炎症反应标志物发生了重要变化。此外，间接软琼脂测定法被用作揭示发现的分泌组变化的全局功能影响的工具。我们的结果表明，GBN 诱导的改变的分泌组可以改变用作模型的 HeLa 细胞的天然锚定独立生长能力。总之，本研究描述了一种研究 GBN 潜在有害影响的创新方法，为在计划将 GBN 用于患者的生物医学背景下考虑相关数据提供了依据。
