无偶联的细胞焦亡和白介素-1β 分泌下游的炎症小体信号通路。
Uncoupled pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion downstream of inflammasome signaling.
机构信息
Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
出版信息
Front Immunol. 2023 Apr 6;14:1128358. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128358. eCollection 2023.
Inflammasomes are supramolecular platforms that organize in response to various damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Upon activation, inflammasome sensors (with or without the help of ASC) activate caspase-1 and other inflammatory caspases that cleave gasdermin D and pro-IL-1β/pro-IL-18, leading to pyroptosis and mature cytokine secretion. Pyroptosis enables intracellular pathogen niche disruption and intracellular content release at the cost of cell death, inducing pro-inflammatory responses in the neighboring cells. IL-1β is a potent pro-inflammatory regulator for neutrophil recruitment, macrophage activation, and T-cell expansion. Thus, pyroptosis and cytokine secretion are the two main mechanisms that occur downstream of inflammasome signaling; they maintain homeostasis, drive the innate immune response, and shape adaptive immunity. This review aims to discuss the possible mechanisms, timing, consequences, and significance of the two uncoupling preferences downstream of inflammasome signaling. While pyroptosis and cytokine secretion may be usually coupled, pyroptosis-predominant and cytokine-predominant uncoupling are also observed in a stimulus-, cell type-, or context-dependent manner, contributing to the pathogenesis and development of numerous pathological conditions such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, LPS-induced sepsis, and infection. Hyperactive cells consistently release IL-1β without LDH leakage and pyroptotic death, thereby leading to prolonged inflammation, expanding the lifespans of pyroptosis-resistant neutrophils, and hyperactivating stimuli-challenged macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and specific nonimmune cells. Death inflammasome activation also induces GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis with no IL-1β secretion, which may increase lethality . The sublytic GSDMD pore formation associated with lower expressions of pyroptotic components, GSDMD-mediated extracellular vesicles, or other GSDMD-independent pathways that involve unconventional secretion could contribute to the cytokine-predominant uncoupling; the regulation of caspase-1 dynamics, which may generate various active species with different activities in terms of GSDMD or pro-IL-1β, could lead to pyroptosis-predominant uncoupling. These uncoupling preferences enable precise reactions to different stimuli of different intensities under specific conditions at the single-cell level, promoting cooperative cell and host fate decisions and participating in the pathogen "game". Appropriate decisions in terms of coupling and uncoupling are required to heal tissues and eliminate threats, and further studies exploring the inflammasome tilt toward pyroptosis or cytokine secretion may be helpful.
炎症小体是一种超分子平台,可响应各种损伤相关分子模式和病原体相关分子模式而进行组装。炎症小体传感器(有或没有 ASC 的帮助)激活 caspase-1 和其他炎性半胱天冬酶,切割 Gasdermin D 和前白细胞介素-1β/前白细胞介素-18,导致细胞焦亡和成熟细胞因子的分泌。细胞焦亡通过细胞死亡破坏细胞内病原体小生境并释放细胞内内容物,从而诱导邻近细胞的促炎反应。白细胞介素-1β是招募中性粒细胞、激活巨噬细胞和 T 细胞扩增的有效促炎调节剂。因此,细胞焦亡和细胞因子分泌是炎症小体信号转导下游的两种主要机制;它们维持内环境稳定,驱动先天免疫反应,并塑造适应性免疫。本综述旨在讨论炎症小体信号转导下游两种解耦偏好的可能机制、时间、后果和意义。虽然细胞焦亡和细胞因子分泌通常是偶联的,但在刺激、细胞类型或上下文依赖的方式下,也观察到细胞焦亡占主导地位和细胞因子占主导地位的解耦,导致许多病理状况的发病机制和发展,如 Cryopyrin 相关周期性综合征、脂多糖诱导的败血症和 感染。高活性细胞持续释放白细胞介素-1β而没有 LDH 渗漏和细胞焦亡死亡,从而导致炎症持续时间延长,延长了对细胞焦亡有抗性的中性粒细胞的寿命,并过度激活受到刺激挑战的巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、单核细胞和特定的非免疫细胞。死亡炎症小体的激活也会诱导没有白细胞介素-1β分泌的 GSDMD 介导的细胞焦亡,这可能会增加死亡率。与细胞焦亡成分表达水平降低、GSDMD 介导的细胞外囊泡或涉及非常规分泌的其他 GSDMD 非依赖性途径相关的亚致死 GSDMD 孔形成可能导致细胞因子占主导地位的解耦;caspase-1 动力学的调节可能会产生在 GSDMD 或前白细胞介素-1β方面具有不同活性的各种活性物质,从而导致细胞焦亡占主导地位的解耦。这些解耦偏好使单细胞水平在特定条件下对不同强度的不同刺激做出精确反应,促进合作的细胞和宿主命运决策,并参与病原体“博弈”。需要做出适当的耦合和解耦决策,以治愈组织并消除威胁,进一步探索炎症小体向细胞焦亡或细胞因子分泌倾斜的研究可能会有所帮助。