Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Province Cooperative, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023 Oct 9;9(10):5479-5503. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00745. Epub 2023 Sep 11.
Tremendous progress in nanotechnology and nanomedicine has made a significant positive effect on cancer treatment by integrating multicomponents into a single multifunctional nanosized delivery system for combinatorial therapies. Although numerous nanocarriers developed so far have achieved excellent therapeutic performance in mouse models via elegant integration of chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy, their synthetic origin may still cause systemic toxicity, immunogenicity, and preferential detection or elimination by the immune system. Exosomes, endogenous nanosized particles secreted by multiple biological cells, could be absorbed by recipient cells to facilitate intercellular communication and content delivery. Therefore, exosomes have emerged as novel cargo delivery tools and attracted considerable attention for cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their innate stability, biological compatibility, and biomembrane penetration capacity. Exosome-related properties and functions have been well-documented; however, there are few reviews, to our knowledge, with a focus on the combination of exosomes and nanotechnology for the development of exosome-based theranostic platforms. To make a timely review on this hot subject of research, we summarize the basic information, isolation and functionalization methodologies, diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in various cancers with an emphasis on the description of exosome-related nanomedicine for cancer theranostics. The existing appealing challenges and outlook in exosome clinical translation are finally introduced. Advanced biotechnology and nanotechnology will definitely not only promote the integration of intrinsic advantages of natural nanosized exosomes with traditional synthetic nanomaterials for modulated precise cancer treatment but also contribute to the clinical translations of exosome-based nanomedicine as theranostic nanoplatforms.
纳米技术和纳米医学的巨大进展通过将多种成分整合到单个多功能纳米级递药系统中用于联合治疗，对癌症治疗产生了显著的积极影响。尽管迄今为止开发的许多纳米载体通过将化疗、光热疗法、光动力疗法、声动力疗法和免疫疗法的巧妙整合在小鼠模型中实现了优异的治疗效果，但它们的合成来源仍可能导致全身毒性、免疫原性和被免疫系统优先检测或消除。外泌体是多种生物细胞分泌的内源性纳米级颗粒，可被受体细胞吸收，以促进细胞间通讯和内容物传递。因此，外泌体作为新型载药工具出现，并因其固有稳定性、生物相容性和生物膜穿透能力而引起人们对癌症诊断和治疗的极大关注。外泌体的相关特性和功能已有详细记录；然而，据我们所知，很少有综述专注于外泌体与纳米技术的结合，以开发基于外泌体的治疗学平台。为了及时对这一热门研究课题进行综述，我们总结了外泌体在各种癌症中的基本信息、分离和功能化方法、诊断和治疗潜力，重点描述了外泌体相关纳米医学在癌症治疗学中的应用。最后介绍了外泌体临床转化中现有的吸引人的挑战和展望。先进的生物技术和纳米技术不仅将促进天然纳米级外泌体的固有优势与传统合成纳米材料的结合，用于调节精确的癌症治疗，而且将有助于外泌体为基础的纳米医学作为治疗学纳米平台的临床转化。
