Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
PLoS One. 2023 Oct 18;18(10):e0292882. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292882. eCollection 2023.
Tea and coffee are the most consumed beverages worldwide and very often sweetened with sugar. However, the association between the use of sugar in tea or coffee and adverse events is currently unclear.
To investigate the association between the addition of sugar to coffee or tea, and the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality and incident diabetes mellitus.
Participants from the prospective Copenhagen Male Study, included from 1985 to 1986, without cardiovascular disease, cancer or diabetes mellitus at inclusion, who reported regular coffee or tea consumption were included. Self-reported number of cups of coffee and tea and use of sugar were derived from the study questionnaires. Quantity of sugar use was not reported. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality and secondary endpoints were cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality and incident diabetes mellitus, all assessed through the Danish national registries. The association between adding sugar and all-cause mortality was analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Age, smoking status, daily alcohol intake, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, number of cups of coffee and/or tea consumed per day and socioeconomic status were included as covariates. Vital status of patients up and until 22.03.2017 was assessed. Sugar could be added to either coffee, tea or both.
In total, 2923 men (mean age at inclusion: 63±5 years) were included, of which 1007 (34.5%) added sugar. In 32 years of follow-up, 2581 participants (88.3%) died, 1677 in the non-sugar group (87.5%) versus 904 in the sugar group (89.9%). Hazard ratio of the sugar group compared to the non-sugar group was 1.06 (95% CI 0.98;1.16) for all-cause mortality. An interaction term between number of cups of coffee and/or tea per day and adding sugar was 0.99 (0.96;1.01). A subgroup analysis of coffee-only drinkers showed a hazard ratio of 1.11 (0.99;1.26). The interaction term was 0.98 (0.94;1.02). Hazard ratios for the sugar group compared to the non-sugar group were 1.11 (95% CI 0.97;1.26) for cardiovascular disease mortality, 1.01 (95% CI 0.87;1.17) for cancer mortality and 1.04 (95% CI 0.79;1.36) for incident diabetes mellitus.
In the present population of Danish men, use of sugar in tea and/or coffee was not significantly associated with increased risk of mortality or incident diabetes.
茶和咖啡是全球最受欢迎的饮品，通常会加糖。然而，目前尚不清楚在茶或咖啡中添加糖与不良事件之间的关联。
调查在咖啡或茶中添加糖与全因死亡率、心血管死亡率、癌症死亡率和新发糖尿病之间的关联。
参与者来自前瞻性的哥本哈根男性研究，于 1985 年至 1986 年期间入选，入选时无心血管疾病、癌症或糖尿病，报告有规律饮用咖啡或茶。通过研究问卷得出咖啡和茶的杯数以及糖的使用量。糖的使用量没有报告。主要结局是全因死亡率，次要结局是心血管死亡率、癌症死亡率和新发糖尿病，所有结局均通过丹麦国家登记处评估。通过 Cox 回归分析来分析添加糖与全因死亡率之间的关系。将年龄、吸烟状况、每日饮酒量、收缩压、体重指数、每天饮用咖啡和/或茶的杯数和社会经济状况作为协变量。截至 2017 年 3 月 22 日评估患者的生存状态。糖可以添加到咖啡、茶或两者中。
共有 2923 名男性（纳入时的平均年龄为 63±5 岁）入选，其中 1007 名（34.5%）添加了糖。在 32 年的随访中，2581 名参与者（88.3%）死亡，非糖组 1677 人（87.5%），糖组 904 人（89.9%）。与非糖组相比，糖组的全因死亡率危险比为 1.06（95%CI 0.98；1.16）。每日咖啡和/或茶杯数与加糖之间的交互项为 0.99（0.96；1.01）。仅喝咖啡的亚组分析显示，危险比为 1.11（0.99；1.26）。交互项为 0.98（0.94；1.02）。与非糖组相比，糖组的心血管疾病死亡率危险比为 1.11（95%CI 0.97；1.26），癌症死亡率危险比为 1.01（95%CI 0.87；1.17），新发糖尿病的危险比为 1.04（95%CI 0.79；1.36）。
在本丹麦男性人群中，茶和/或咖啡中添加糖与死亡率或新发糖尿病的风险增加无关。
